tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-141147122024-03-07T19:45:13.216-08:00ADD / XOR / ROLA blog about reverse engineering, mathematics, politricks and some more ...halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.comBlogger154125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-6638970562161804372024-01-31T03:43:00.000-08:002024-01-31T03:43:10.285-08:00The end of my Elastic/optimyze journey ...<p>Hey all,</p><p>== tl;dr ==</p><p>Today is my last day at Elastic. I'll take an extended break and focus on rest, family, health, writing, a bit of startup mentoring/investing, and some research - at least for a while.</p><p>I'm thankful for my great colleagues and my leadership at Elastic - y'all are stellar, even if I was often grumbly about some technical or architectural issues. I'll also miss the ex-optimyze team a lot; you were the best team anyone doing technically sophisticated work could wish for - great individuals, but in sum greater than the parts. I think the future for the tech we built is bright, particularly in light of the recent Otel events :)</p><p>========</p><p>Extended Version:</p><p>Today is my last day at Elastic, and with that, the last day of my journey with optimyze. I am leaving with a heavy heart, and complicated emotions. The 5 years of optimyze (3 years optimyze, 2 years optimyze-integration-into-Elastic) were intense - moderately intense on the work front, but extremely intense on the life front. Fate somehow managed to cram a lot of the ups and downs of midlife into a very small number of years.</p><p>A timeline:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>I left Google on the 31st of December 2018, and started optimyze.cloud in February 2019. I was highly motivated by the idea of building a company that aligns my ecological, economic, and technical interests. I visited the RSA conference in SF in spring 2019 to network and get people interested in our "cut-of-savings" consulting approach. I met Corey Quinn for coffee, and to this day much appreciate all the sage advice he had (even if I had to ignore some and learn the hard lesson myself).</li><li>In May 2019, I was elated to (finally!) become a father for the first time.</li><li>During 2019, my co-founder Sean and me mostly spent our time trying to get our "cut-of-savings" consulting business of the ground, only to be thwarted by the unfortunate combination that (a) companies nimble enough to do it were too small to make it worth it, and (b) companies big enough to make it worth it couldn't figure out how to make the contract work from a legal and accounting perspective. <br />We did a few small gigs with friendly startups, and realized in late summer that a zero-instrumentation, multi-runtime, fleet-wide profiler was sorely missing as a product. We also realized that with BOLT making progress, there'd be real value in being a SaaS that sits on profiling data from different verticals. Hence the vision for optimyze.cloud as a product company was born.</li><li>By late 2019, we had a prototype for unwinding C/C++ stacks using .eh_frame, and Python code, both from eBPF. We knew we could be really zero-friction in deployment, which made us very happy and excited.</li><li>We decided to raise funding, and did so over the winter months - with the funding wire transfer finally hitting our (Silicon Valley Bank) account some time in early 2020. We started building, and hiring what would turn out the best team I've ever worked on.</li><li>We had a working UI and product by late fall 2020, and the first in-prod deployments around the same time. One particular part of the stack was too slow (a particular query that we knew we'd need to move to a distributed K/V store, but hadn't done yet), and we spent the next few months rebuilding that part of the stack to use Scylla.</li><li>We made some very bad calls on the investor relations front, I foolishly stumbled into a premature, fumbled, and retrospectively idiotic fundraise, into the middle of which my second child was born and the first acquisition offers came in.</li><li>We launched Prodfiler in August 2021, to great acclaim and success. People loved the product, they loved the frictionless deployment, they loved the fact that all their stack traces were symbolized out of the box etc. - the product experience was great.</li><li>In mid-October, we were acquired by Elastic with the closing date November 1st. My mother had a hip surgery from which complications arose, which led to her being transferred into an ICU.<br />The day the deal closed, my mother fell into a coma, and she would never wake up again. I spent the next weeks shuttling back and forth between Zurich (where my wife and my two kids were) and Essen, Germany, to spend time bedside in the ICU.<br />My mother died in the morning hours of Jan 1st 2022, a few hours after the fireworks.</li><li>My elderly father needed a lot of help dealing with the aftermath; at the same time the transition into the Elastic tech stack was technically challenging to pull off.</li><li>In Summer 2022, my father stumbled after a small leg surgery, fell, and hit his head; after some complications in the German medical system, it became clear that the injury had induced dementia. We transferred him to a specialist hospital in Berlin and ultimately to a care home close to my brother's family. Since then, I've been shuttling back and forth to see him often.</li><li>After two years of hard work at Elastic, we finally managed to launch our product again in fall 2023.</li></ol><p></p><p>So the entire thing was 5 years, in which I had two children, started a company, hired the best team I've known, launched a product I was (and am) immensely proud of, then lost my mother, most of my father ... and "reluctantly let go" of the company and product.</p><p>The sheer forces at play when you cram so much momentum into such a short time-frame will strain everybody; and they will strain everybody's support system. I'm extremely grateful for my entire support system, in particular my brother. I don't know how I would've fared without him, but I hope my kids will have as good a relationship with each other as I do with my brother.</p><p>I'm also grateful to the folks at Elastic and the optimyze team, who were extremely supportive and understanding as I was dealing with complications outside of work.</p><p>I'm proud that we managed to build, I am also proud that we managed to port it to the Elastic stack and re-launch it. Even after more than 2 years focused on porting the back-end, our profiler remains ahead of the competition. I'm optimistic about what Elastic and the team can build on top of our technology, in particular with OTel profiling moving toward reality.</p><p>At the same time, I am pretty spent. My productivity is nowhere near where I expect it to be (it never is - I have difficulty accepting that I am a finite human - but the gap is bigger than usual), and this leads to me having difficulty switching off: When I feel like I am not getting the things I want to get done done, my brain wants to compensate by working more - which is rarely the right step.</p><p>So, with a heavy heart, I decided that I will take an extended break. It's been intense, and emotional, and I need some time to rest and recover, and accompany my father on his last few steps into the darkness (or light?). 2019 and 2020 were among the happiest years of my life, the last chunk of 2021 and most of 2022 the most difficult parts of my life. 2023 was trending up, and I expect things to continue trending up for the foreseeable future.</p><p>I have planned to do a bit of writing (I think having done two companies, one bootstrapped and one with VC money, gives me a few things I'd like to pass on), perhaps a bit of angel investing or VC scouting, perhaps a bit of consulting where things of particular interest arise - but mostly, I intend to stretch, breathe, be there for my kids, and get a clear view of the horizon.</p>halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-5132434218010415052023-12-11T05:54:00.000-08:002023-12-11T07:07:29.623-08:00A list of factors that act(ed) as drag on the European Tech/Startup sceneThis post is an adaption of a Twitter thread where I listed the various factors that in my experience led to a divergence of the trajectories of the US tech industry around Silicon Valley (SV) and the tech industry in Europe. Not all of these factors are current (some of the cultural ones are less pronounced today than they used to be), and some of them could be relatively easily fixable.<br /><br />I'll add a separate post on policy suggestions at a later point.<br /><br />I should also note that there's many great things about Europe -- I still live here, I'd build my next company here, and I don't think I'd ever want to migrate to SV. I'll also write about the advantages in the future.<br /><br />Now, on to the list, which was spawned by a thread with @martin_casado and @bgurley on the website previously known as Twitter.<div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Cultural factors</b>: When I was growing up in the 90s, there was significant uncertainty in the labor market, and one way to achieve economic security was seeking a government job. In many European countries, running a limited liability construct into insolvency effectively bans you from running another one in the foreseeable future. The mentality of "start a company in your 20s, and if you fail, you can either try again or get a job" wasn't a thing. So we are operating from a risk-averse base, due to a labor market with then-sluggish job creation and strong incumbent effects. (Bert Hubert has written a <a href="https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/is-europe-just-not-good-at-innovating/">more extensive article on the cultural factors here</a>).</li><li><b>A terrifyingly fragmented market</b>, along legal, linguistic, and cultural lines. Imagine every US state had its own language, defense budget, legal system, tax system, culture, employment law etc. - in the US, you build a product and you tap into a market of 340m people. The biggest market in Europe is Germany at 80m, not even a quarter of the size. Then France (65m), Italy (59m), Spain (47m), and then things fragment into a long tail. By the time you hit 340m customers, you're operating in 9-10 countries, 7+ languages and legal systems etc.</li><li>Equally <b>fragmented capital markets</b> that are individually much smaller. Take the US stock market and cut it into 10+ pieces. This has knock-on effects for IPOs: IPOs, when they happen, tend to be much smaller. Raising large amounts of capital is more difficult, while big wins are smaller. This has terrible knock-on effects all the way down to seedstage VCs: If the power law home run you're angling for is 1/10th the size of the home run in the US, early stage investors need to be way more risk averse. You can see this even today where most European VC funds will offer less money at worse terms than their US counterparts. It was much worse in 2006-2007, when the Samwers were almost the only game in town for VC in the EU.<br />Smaller IPOs also mean that it is comparatively much more attractive to sell to an existing (US-based) giant.</li><li>The <b>absence of a DARPA</b> to shoulder fundamental research risks in technology. Different stages of R&D require different investors. The government is in the strange situation that they can indirectly benefit from investments without having an ownership stake because it gets to tax GDP. That means at the extremely high risk end of R&D, fundamental research, it can afford to just finance many many long shots blindly and (comparatively) simply, as it doesn't need to track ownership. So how do you fund fundamental R&D without it devolving into scholasticism? Interestingly, the most basic test ("can I use this to cause some damage") is already helpful. Europe's defense sector has never since WW2 grasped it's role in advancing technology, and it's terribly fragmented, underfunded, and can't do much research. DARPA has financed the early-stage development of many enabling technologies. Having a guaranteed customer (DoD) for high risk research has enabled better and higher risk-taking, and had large downstream effects.</li><li><b>Terrible legislation with regards to employee stock options</b>. People talk about how many big companies in Europe are family-owned as if that is something good. It's also a symptom of legal systems that make (or made) it terribly difficult to give lots of equity to early employees. This is slowly changes through concerted lobbying, but it is still difficult in most jurisdictions, and not unified at all.</li><li>The way the EU is constructed where <b>the EU gives a directive and each country implements it's own flavor</b> is worst-case for legal complexity. Imagine if every state got to re-implement its own flavor of each federal law.</li><li><b>Founder Brain Drain</b>. Why would an ambitious founder not go to where the markets are bigger, capital is easier to raise on better terms, and incentivizing early employees is easier?</li><li><b>Ecosystem effects permit risk-taking by employees in SV</b>. SV has such strong demand for talent that an employee can "take risks" on early stage startups because the next job is easy to get. If you live in a place with just 1-2 big employers, leaving with intent to return is riskier.</li><li><b>Network effects and path dependence</b>. The fragmentation of the market led to smaller players in search and ads that then sold to larger US-based players. Without the deep revenue streams, no European player had the capital or expertise to go into cloud. As a result, there is no European player with enough compute, or datasets, or capital to effectively compete in cloud or AI. China has homegrown players, even Russia has to some extent, Europe's closest equivalent are OVH and Hetzner, which sell on price, not on higher-level services.</li><li><b>GDPR after effects</b>: EUparl saw that in situations where US states are fragmented they can act as a standards body, and there's a weird effect of "if we cannot be relevant through tech, we can still be relevant through shaping the legal landscape", and that's what leads to this terrible idea of "Europe as regulatory superpower", where it is more important for members of EUparl to have done "something" than having done "something right" - a mentality that seems to prefer bad regulation over no regulation, when good regulation would be needed. GDPR led to higher market concentration in Ads, which arguably undermines privacy in a different way, and it's imposed huge compliance and convenience cost on everybody. But in EUparl it's celebrated as success, because hey, for once Europe was relevant (even if net effects are negative).</li><li><b>Pervasive shortsightedness among EU national legislators</b>, undermining the single market and passing poor laws with negative side effects for startup and capital formation. The best example is Germans "exit tax": Imagine you are an Angel Investor in the US but if you move out of state it triggers immediate cap gains on all your illiquid holdings/Angel Investments at the valuation of the last round. It essentially means you can't angel invest if you don't know if you'll have to move in the next 8-10 years because you don't know if you can afford the tax bill. It's hair-raisingly insane, and likely illegal under EU rules, but who wants to fight the German IRS in European court?</li></ol>I think these are the most important factors that come to mind. I'll add more if I remember more of them.<br /><br />Also, given that this post has a strong resonance with extreme "anti government" and "libertarian" types, please be aware that I am very much on a different area of the political spectrum (centre-left, somewhere where the social democrats used to reside historically in Germany). I am strongly in favor of good and competent regulation to ensure markets function, competition works, and customers are protected.</div>halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-79789403931082718992021-02-23T23:13:00.000-08:002021-02-23T23:13:21.155-08:00Book Review: "This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends"<blockquote><blockquote><p></p></blockquote></blockquote><p>This blog post is a review of the book "This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends" by Nicole Perlroth. The book tries to shed light on the "zero day market" and how the US government interacts in this market, as well on various aspects of nation-to-nation "cyberwarfare".<br /><br />I was excited to see this book come out given that there are relatively few hats in this field I have not worn. I have worked in information security since the late 1990's; I was part of a youth culture that playfully pioneered most of the software exploitation techniques that are now used by all major military powers. I have run a business that sold technology to both defenders and offensive actors. I have written a good number of exploits and a paper clarifying the theoretical foundations for understanding them. I have trained governments and members of civil society on both the construction and the analysis of exploits, and on the analysis of backdoors and implants. I have spent several months of my life reading the disassembled code of Stuxnet, Duqu, and the Russian Uroburos. I spent half a decade at Google on supporting Google's defense against government attackers; I spent a few additional years in Project Zero trying to nudge the software industry toward better practices. Nowadays, I spend my time on efficiency instead of security.<br /><br />I have always been close to, but never part of, the zero-day market. My background and current occupation give me a deep understanding of the subject, while not tying me economically to any particular perspective. I therefore feel qualified like few others to review the book.<br /><br />"This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends" tackles an important question: What causes the vulnerability of our modern world to "cyberattacks"? Some chapters cover various real-world cyberattacks, some chapters try to shed light on the "market for exploits", and the epilogue of the book discusses ideas for a policy response.<br /><br />The author managed to get access to a fantastic set of sources. Many things were captured on the record that were previously only discussed on background. Several chapters recount interviews with former practitioners in the exploit market, and these chapters provide a glimpse into the many fascinating and improbable personalities that make up the field. This is definitely a strong asset of the book.<br /><br />Given the exciting and impactful nature of the "cyberwar" subject, the many improbable characters populating it, and the many difficult and nuanced policy questions in the field, the level of access and raw material the author gathered could have been enough for a fantastic book (or even two).<br /><br />Unfortunately, "This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends" is not a fantastic book. The potential of the source material is diluted by a large number of inaccuracies or even falsehoods, a surprising amount of ethnocentricity and US-American exceptionalism (that, while being a European, I perceived to border on xenophobia), a hyperbolic narration style, and the impression of facts bent to support a preconceived narrative that has little to do with reality.<br /><br />For the layperson (presumably the target audience of this book) the many half-truths and falsehoods make the book an untrustworthy guide to an important and difficult topic. For the expert, the book may be an entertaining, if jarring read, provided one has the ability to dig through a fair bit of mud to find some gold. I am confident that the raw material must be great, and where it shines through, the book is good.</p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Inaccuracies and Falsehoods </h3><p>The topic is complex, and technical details can be difficult to get right and transmit clearly. A book without any errors cannot and should not be expected, and small technical errors should not concern the reader. That said, the book is full of severe and significant errors - key misunderstandings and false statements that are used as evidence and to support conclusions - and those do raise concerns.<br /><br />I will highlight a few examples of falsehoods or misleading claims. I only found those falsehoods that overlapped with expertise of mine; extrapolating from this, I am afraid that there may be many more in the book.<br /><br />The following examples are from the first third of the book; and they are illustrative of the sort of mistakes throughout: Facts are either twisted or exaggerated to the point of becoming demonstrably false; and these twists and exaggerations seem to always happen in support of a narrative that places an unhealthy focus on zero-days.<br /><br />First, one of the more egregious falsehoods is the claim that NSA hacked into Google servers to steal data:<br /></p><blockquote>... the agency hacked its way into the internal servers at companies like Google and Yahoo to grab data before it was encrypted.</blockquote>This simply did not happen. As far as anyone in the industry knows, in the case of Google, unencrypted network connections between datacenters were tapped. This may sound inconsequential, but undermines the central "zero days are how hacking happens" theme of the book.<br /><br />Second, the entire description of zero-days is full of false claims and hyperbole:<br /><blockquote>Chinese spies used a single Microsoft zero-day to steal some of Silicon Valley's most closely held source code.</blockquote>This alludes to the Aurora attacks on Google; but anyone that knows Google's internal culture knows that source code is not most closely held by design. Google always had a culture where every engineer could roam through almost all the code to help fix issues.<br /><blockquote>...Once hackers have figured out the commands or written the code to exploit it, they can scamper through the world's computer networks undetected until the day the underlying flaw is discovered</blockquote>This is simply not true. While a zero-day exploit will provide access to a given machine or resource, it is not a magic invisibility cloak. The Chinese attackers were detected, and many other attackers are routinely detected in spite of having zero-day exploits.<br /><blockquote>...Only a select few multinationals are deemed secure enough to issue the digital certificates that vouch (...) that Windows operating system could trust the driver (...) Companies keep the private keys needed to abuse their certificates in the digital equivalent of Fort Knox.</blockquote>This section is at best misleading: The driver in question was signed with a stolen JMicron "end-entity" certificate. There are thousands of those, all with the authority to sign device drivers to be trusted, and the due diligence to issue one used to be limited to providing a fax of an ID and a credit card number.<br /><br />The "select few multinationals" Perlroth writes about here are the certificate authorities that issue such "end-entity" certificates. It is true that a CA is required to keep their keys on a hardware security module (a very high-security setup), and that the number of CAs that can issue driver-signing certificates is limited (and falling). <br /><br />The text makes it appear as if a certificate from a certificate authority (and hence from a hardware security module) had been stolen. This is simply false. End-entity certificates are issued to hardware vendors routinely, and many hardware vendors play fast and loose with them. <br /><br />(It is widely rumored - but difficult to corroborate - that there used to be a thriving black market where stolen end-entity certificates were traded a few years ago; the going rate was between $30k and $50k if I remember correctly. <br /><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Ethnocentricity and US exceptionalism<br /></h3><p>As a non-US person, the strangest part of the book was the rather extreme ethnocentricity of the book: The US is equated with "respecting human rights", everything outside of the US is treated as both exotic and vaguely threatening, and the book obsesses about a "capability gap" where non-US countries somehow caught up with superior US technology.<br /><br />This ranges from the benign-but-silly (Canberra becomes the "outback", and Glenn Greenwald lives "in the jungles of Brazil" - evoking FARC-style guerillas, when - as far as I am informed - he lives in a heavily forested suburb of Rio) to seriously impacting and distorting the narrative.<br /><br />The author seems to find it unimaginable that exploitation techniques and the use of exploits are not a US invention. The text seems to insinuate that exploit technologies and "tradecraft" were invented at NSA and then "proliferated" outward to potentially human-rights-violating "foreign-born" actors via government contractors that ran training classes.<br /><br />This is false, ridiculous, and insulting on multiple levels.<br /><br />First off, it is insulting to all non-US security researchers that spent good parts of their lives pioneering exploit techniques.<br /><br />The reality is that the net flow of software exploitation expertise out of NSA is negative: Half a generation of non-US exploit developers migrated to the US over the years and acquired US passports eventually. The US exploit supply chain has always been heavily dependent on "foreign-born" people. NSA will enthusiastically adopt outside techniques; I have yet to learn about any exploitation technique of the last 25 years that "leaked" out of NSA vs. being invented outside.<br /><br />The book's prologue, when covering NotPetya, seems to imply that Russia had needed the Shadowbrokers leaks - ("American weapons at its disposal") - to cause severe damage. Anybody with any realistic visibility into both the history of heap exploitation and the vulnerability development community knows this to be absolutely wrong. <br /><br />Secondly, it seems to willfully ignore recent US history with regards to human rights. Somehow implying that the French police or the Norwegian government have a worse human rights track record than the US government - which unilaterally kills people abroad without fair trial via the drone-strike program, relatively recently stopped torturing people, and keeps prisoners in Guantanamo for 15+ years by having constructed a legal grey zone outside of the Geneva Conventions - is a bit rich.<br /><br />In the chapter on Argentina, Ivan Arce calls the author out on her worldview (which was one of my favorite moments in the book), but this seems to have not caused any introspection or change of perspective. This chapter also reveals an odd relationship to gender: The narrative focuses on men wreaking havoc, and women seem to exist to rein in the out-of-control hackers. Given that there are (admittedly few, but extremely capable) women and non-binary folks active in the zero-day world, I find this narrative puzzling.<br /><br />There is also an undercurrent that everything bad is caused by nefarious foreign intervention: The author expresses severe doubts that the 2016 US election would have had the same outcome without "Russian meddling", and in the Epilogue writes "it is now easier for a rogue actor to (...) sabotage (...) the Boeing 737 Max", somehow managing to link a very US-American management failure to vague evil forces.<br /><br />In its centricity on the US and belief in US exceptionalism, its noticeable grief about the 2016 US election, and the vague suspicion that everything bad must have a foreign cause, the reader learns more about the mindset of a certain subset of the US population than about cybersecurity or cyberwarfare. <br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Hyperbolic language<br /></h3><p>The book is also made more difficult to read by constant use of hyperbolic language. Exploits are capable of "crashing Spacecraft into earth", "detonated to steal data", and things always need to be "the most secure", "the most secret", and so forth. The book would have benefitted from the editor-equivalent of an equalizer to balance out the wording.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The good parts<br /></h3><p>There are several things to like about the book: The chapters that are based on interviews with former practitioners are fun and engaging to read. The history of software exploits is full of interesting and unorthodox characters, and these chapters provide a glimpse into their world and mindsets.<br /><br />The book also improves as it goes on: The frequency of glaring falsehoods seems to decrease - which lets the fact that it is generally engaging come through.<br /><br />Depending on what one perceives the thesis of the book to be, one can also argue that the book advances an important point. The general subject - "how should US government policy balance offensive and defensive considerations" - is a deep and interesting one, and there is a deep, important, and nuanced discussion to be had about this. If the underlying premise of the book is "this discussion needs to be had", then that is good. The book seems to go much beyond this (reasonable) premise, and seems to mistakenly identify the zero-day market as the root cause of pervasive insecurity.<br /><br />As a result, the book contributes little of utility to a defensive policy debate. The main drivers of the cyber insecurity are hardly discussed until the Epilogue: The economic misincentives that cause the tech industry to earn hundreds of billions of dollars from creating the vulnerabilities in the first place (for every million earned through the sale of exploits, an order of magnitude or two more is earned through the sale of the software that creates the security flaw), and the organisational misincentives that keep effective regulation from arising (NSA - rightly - has neither mission or authority to regulate the tech industry into better software, so accusing them of not doing so is a bit odd). By placing too much emphasis on governments knowing about vulnerabilities, the book distracts from the economic forces that create a virtually infinite supply of them.<br /><br />The Epilogue (while containing plenty to disagree with) was one of the stronger parts of the book. The shortness makes it a bit shallow, but it touches on many points that warrant a serious discussion. (Unfortunately, it again insinuates that "ex-NSA hackers tutor Turkish Generals in their tradecraft"). If anything, the Epilogue can be used as a good (albeit incomplete) list of topics to discuss in any cybersecurity policy class.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Concluding thoughts<br /></h3><p>I wish the book realized more of the potential that the material provided. The debate about the policy trade-offs for both offense and defense needs to be had (although there is less of a trade-off than most people think: Other countries have SIGINT agencies that can do offense, and defensive agencies focused on improving the overall security level of society; fixing individual bugs will not fix systemic misincentives), and a good book about that topic would be very welcome.<br /><br />Likewise, a book that gives a layperson a good understanding of the zero-day trade and the practitioners in the trade would be both useful and fascinating.<br /><br />The present book had the potential to become either of the above good books - the first one by cutting large parts of the book and expanding the Epilogue, the second one by rigorous editing and sticking to the truth.<br /><br />So I regret having to write that the present book is mostly one of unfulfilled potential, and that the layperson needs to consult experts before taking any mentioned "fact" in the book at face value.<br /></p>halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-20228181856838131172020-09-16T10:55:00.003-07:002020-09-16T10:55:38.657-07:00The missing OS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Preface:<br /><br />When I joined Google in 2011, I quoted a quip of a friend of mine:</div><blockquote><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">"There are roughly one and a half computers in the world, and Google has one of them."<br /></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The world has changed quite a bit since 2011, and there may possibly be half a dozen computers in the world now. That said, for the following text to make sense, when I say "the computer", I mean a very large assembly of individual machines that have been connected to make them act like one computer.<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />Actual blog post:<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The tech landscape of modern microservice deployments can be confusing - it is fast-changing, with a proliferation of superficially similar projects claiming to do similar things. Even to me as someone fairly deeply into technology, it isn't always clear what precise purpose the different projects serve.<br />
<br />
I've quipped repeatedly about "Datacenter OS" (at least <a href="https://twitter.com/halvarflake/status/794582430825021442">here</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/gebl/status/1156916864716595200">here)</a>, and mused about it since I first left Google for my sabbatical in 2015. I recently had the chance to chat with a bunch of performance engineers (who sit very much at the crossing between Dev and Ops), and they reminded me to write up my thoughts. This is a first post, but there may be more coming (particularly on the security models for it).<br />
<br />
Warning: This post is pure, unadulterated opinion. It is full of unsubstantiated unscientific claims. I am often wrong.<br />
<br />I claim the following:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
When we first built computers, it took a few decades until we had the first real "operating systems". Before a 'real' OS emerged, there were a number of proto-OS -- collections of tools that had to be managed separately and cobbled together. There were few computers overall in the world, and if you wanted to work on one, you had to work at a large research institution or organization. These machines ran cobbled-together OSs that were unique to that computer.<br />
<br />
Since approximately 2007, we're living through a second such period: The "single computer" model is replaced with "<a href="http://bnrg.eecs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Courses/CS294.F09/wharehousesizedcomputers.pdf">warehouse-sized computers</a>". Initially, few organizations had the financial heft to have one of them, but cloud computing is making "lots of individual small computers" accessible to many companies that don't have a billion of cash for a full datacenter.<br />
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The hyperscalers (GOOG, FB, but also Tencent etc.) are building approximations to a "proto-datacenter-OS" internally; Amazon is externalizing some of theirs, and a large zoo of individual components for a Datacenter-OS exist as open-source projects.<br />
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What does not exist yet is an actual complete DatacenterOS that "regular" companies can just install.</blockquote><p>There is a "missing OS" - a piece of software that you install on a large assembly of computers, and that transform this assembly of computers into "one computer".</p><p>What would a "Datacenter OS" consist of? If you look at modern tech stacks, you find that there is a surprising convergence - not in the actual software people are running, but in the "roles" that need to be filled. For each role, there are often many different available implementations.</p><p>The things you see in every large-scale distributed infrastructure are:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Some form of cluster-wide file system.</b> Think GFS/Colossus if you are inside Google, GlusterFS or something like it if you are outside. Many companies end up using S3 because the available offerings aren't great.<br /></li><li><b>A horizontally scalable key-value store.</b> Think BigTable if you are inside Google, or Cassandra, or Scylla, or (if you squint enough) even ElasticSearch.</li><li><b>A distributed consistent key-value store.</b> Think Chubby if you are inside Google, or etcd if you are outside. This is not directly used by most applications and mostly exists to manage the cluster.</li><li><b>Some sort of pub/sub message queuing system.</b> Think PubSub, or in some sense Kafka, or SQS on AWS, or perhaps RabbitMQ.</li><li><b>A job scheduler / container orchestrator.</b> A system that takes the available resources, and all the jobs that ought to be running, and a bunch of constraints, and then solves a constrained bin-packing optimization problem to make sure resources are used properly. Think Borg, or to some extent Kubernetes. This may or may not be integrated with some sort of MapReduce-style batch workload infrastructure to make use of off-peak CPU cycles.</li></ol><p>I find it very worthwhile to think about "what other pieces do I have on a single-laptop-OS that I really ought to have on the DatacenterOS?".</p><p>People are building approximations of a process explorer via Prometheus and a variety of other data collection agents. <br /></p><p>One can argue that distributed tracing (which everybody realizes they need) is really the Datacenter-OS-strace (and yes, it is crucially important). The question "what is my Datacenter-OS-syslog" is similarly interesting. <br /></p><p>A lot of the engineering that goes into observability is porting the sort of introspection capabilities we are used to having on a single machine to "the computer".</p><p>Is this "service mesh" that people are talking about just the DatacenterOS version of the portmapper?<br /><br />There are other things for which we really have no idea how to build the equivalent. What does a "debugger" for "the computer" look like? Clearly, single-stepping on a single host isn't the right way to fix problems in modern distributed systems - your service may be interacting with dozens of other hosts that may be crashing at the same time (or grinding to a halt or whatever), and re-starting and single-stepping is extremely difficult.</p><p></p><p>Aside from the many monitoring, development, and debugging tools that need to be rebuilt for "the computer", there are many other - even more fundamental - questions that really have no satisfactory answer. Security is a particularly uncharted territory:<br /></p><p>What is a "privileged process" for this computer? What are the privilege and trust boundaries? How does user management work? How does cross-service authentication and credential delegation work? How do we avoid re-introducing literally every logical single-machine privilege escalation that James Forshaw describes in <a href="https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2017ams/materials/D2T3%20-%20James%20Forshaw%20-%20Introduction%20to%20Logical%20Privilege%20Escalation%20on%20Windows.pdf">his slides</a> into our new OS and the various services running there? Is there any way that a single Linux Kernel bug in /mm does not spell doom for our entire security model?</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>To keep the post short: <br /><br />In my opinion, the emerging DatacenterOS is the most exciting thing that has happened in computer science in decades. I sometimes wish I was better at convincing billionaires to give me a few hundred million dollars to invest in interesting problems -- because if there is a problem that I think I'd love to work on, it'd be a FOSS DatacenterOS - "install this on N machines, and you have 'a computer'". <br /><br />A lot of the technological landscape is easier to understand if one asks the question: What function in "the computer" does this particular piece of the puzzle solve? What is the single-machine equivalent of this project?<br /><br />This post will likely have follow-up posts, because there are many more ill-thought-out ideas I have on the topic:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Security models for a DatacenterOS</li><li>Kubernetes: Do you want to be the scheduler, or do you want to be the OS? Pick one.</li><li>How do we get the power of bash scripting, but for a cluster of 20k machines?<br /> <br /></li></ul><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><br /></p>
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</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-50756044550782312032020-08-14T02:20:00.000-07:002020-08-14T02:20:01.471-07:00My Twitter-Discussion-Deescalation Policy<p>Twitter is great, and Twitter is terrible. While it enables getting in contact and starting loose discussions with a great number of people, and while it has certainly helped me broaden my perspectives and understanding of many topics, it also has a lot of downsides.<br /><br />Most importantly, Twitter discussions, due to their immediacy of feedback and the fact that everybody is busy, often end up in shouting matches where "learning from each other while discussing a topic" (the actual purpose of a discussion) is forgotten.<br /><br />Most importantly: Twitter can be very repetitive, and it can be very difficult to convey the context for complex topics - and nobody has time to repeat all the context in each Twitter discussion.<br /><br />Today, I am recovering from a migraine attack that coincided with my kid having a cranky night, and as a result, I cut a few Twitter discussions short. The people on the receiving end of this "short-cutting" may rightly feel slighted, so I am writing this blog post in preparation for future similar situations.<br /><br />There are some topics (often related to security or economics) about which I have thought for a reasonably long time. Particularly for security, we're talking about a few decades of hands-on experience with a fairly obsessive work on the topic, both on the theoretical and on the practical side. Rooted in this experience, I sometimes make statements on Twitter. These statements may be in conflict with what other people (you?) may think, and we may engage in a discussion. It is possible, though, that we will reach a point in the discussion where my feeling is "oh, in order to convey my point, I'd now need to spend 25 minutes conveying the context necessary for my point, and I only have a few hours in my day after I deduct sleep and other obligations".<br /><br />At this point, I need to make a judgement call: Do I invest that time? I also need to make the call without having the most important context: Does the other side care about understanding me at all?<br /><br />So if we end up in a Twitter discussion, and I reply to you with a link to this blog post at some point, please understand: I have run out of time to spend on this Twitter thread, and I need to cut the discussion short because conveying the necessary context is too time consuming without knowing that this is actually desired, and that our discussion is a mutual learning exercise.<br /><br />If you very much care about the topic, and about understanding the perspective I have, I will happily schedule a 25-minute video call to discuss in person, and will obviously make an effort to understand your perspective, too. My DM's are open, ping me and I will send you a calendly link.<br /></p>halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-67087507995141241312020-05-18T01:25:00.000-07:002020-05-18T01:31:06.146-07:00My self-help guide to making sense of a confusing world<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
It has become painfully evident over the last decade or so that social media has a somewhat corrosive effect on "truth" and "discussion". There are a variety of reasons for this - many unidentified - but a few factors are:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>For every opinion, no matter how bizarre, it has become easy to find a community with similar beliefs.</li>
<li>The discoverability of almost all information coupled with the shortening of attention spans allows people with strange beliefs to search for information at - at least if only glanced at for 15 seconds - may be interpreted to confirm their strange belief.</li>
<li>Algorithms that maximize engagement also maximize enragement -- if the algorithms show me content that draws me into a time-sink discussions with no benefit, they are "winning" (in terms of the metrics against which they are evaluated).</li>
<li>The social media platforms favor "immediacy of feedback" vs. taking time to think things through. Social media discussions often devolve into name-calling or rapid-fire quoting of dubious studies without any qualitative understanding - people quote papers and sources they never critically evaluated.</li>
</ol>
Aside from that, creating false but engagement-producing content has become a veritable industry. Attention can be monetized, so one can earn good money by making up lies that appear credible to some subset of the population. The quality of mainstream reporting has been caught up in this downward spiral.<br />
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The result of this is "fake news" and the "death of a consensus on reality"; strange conspiracy theories; and generally many many hours wasted. The problem cuts across class and educational layers; it is simply not true that "only the uneducated" fall prey to internet falsehoods.<br />
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Personally, I am terrified of believing things that are not true. I am not quite sure why; but to assuage my fears of misleading myself, I have adapted a number of habits to function as checks on my own beliefs.<br />
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By and large, I have found them very useful.<br />
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In this blog post, I intend to share my thoughts on how people mislead themselves, and the checks I have decided to apply to my own beliefs. I am not always successful, but this is the bar I try to measure myself against. My hope is that this is helpful for others; perhaps it can help reject false beliefs somewhere.<br />
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So let's begin with an underlying assumption I make:<br />
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</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>People tend to believe in things that help them.</b></div>
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As a young man I believed that people try to understand a situation, and then form a belief based on that. This is not what I observed in my life. My observation is that people choose beliefs and systems of belief to fulfill a <b>function</b> for them.</div>
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My father is born in the 30s in Germany, and as a pre-teen and early teen, he got a front-row seat to watch all adults perform an ideological 180-degree turn in front of him. The question of "how do people adjust their beliefs" has always been important in my discussions with him.</div>
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My conclusion is that people are very good at identifying what they want, and what is beneficial to them. They also like to feel good about themselves, and about what they do. Given these constraints, people tend to pick beliefs and systems of belief that ...</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>... allow them to do what they want to do.</li>
<li>... allow them to reap benefits.</li>
<li>... allow them to feel good about themselves at the same time.</li>
</ul>
I alluded to this with the sentence "Everybody wants to be the hero of their own story" in my <a href="http://addxorrol.blogspot.com/2019/08/rashomon-of-disclosure.html">disclosure Rashomon</a> post.<br />
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It is crucially important to be aware that belief systems have a functional role for those that believe them. This is why it can be so hard to "convince" anyone of the incorrectness of their belief system: You are asking the person to give up more than a false belief - often, you are asking the person to adjust their view of themselves as being less benign than they like to believe, or you are asking the person to adjust their view in a manner that would cast doubt on their ability to obtain some other benefit.<br />
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When I write "people" above, this includes you and me.<br />
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Being aware of the functional role of beliefs is hence important when you investigate your own beliefs (more on that later). Trying to believe what makes us feel good is the most fundamental cognitive bias.<br />
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So what am I trying to do to counter that bias? Here's my list of 7 habits:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Clarify your beliefs</li>
<li>Ask about the benefits of your beliefs</li>
<li>Seek out original sources</li>
<li>Examine evidence for your beliefs and competing hypotheses</li>
<li>What new information would change your beliefs?</li>
<li>Provide betting odds</li>
<li>Discuss for enlightenment, not "winning" </li>
</ol>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 1: Clarify beliefs</h3>
It may sound odd, but it takes conscious effort to turn everyday diffuse "belief" into an actual clearly articulated statement. For me, nothing quite clarifies thoughts like writing them down - often things that appear clear and convincing in my head turn out to be quite muddled and unstructured when I try to put them to paper.<br />
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Asking oneself the question "what are my beliefs on a given topic", and trying to write them down coherently, is surprisingly powerful. It forces a deliberate effort to determine what one actually believes, and committing to that belief in writing (at least to oneself).<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 2: Ask about the benefits of your beliefs - "am I the baddie?"</h3>
Awareness of the functional role of beliefs is important when examining one's own beliefs. Feynman famously said about science that "<span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">the first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool"</span></span>.<br />
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When examining my own beliefs, it try to ask myself: What benefits does this belief bestow on me? What does this belief permit me to do? How does this belief make me feel good about myself? <br />
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It is quite often helpful to actively try to examine alternative narratives in which one casts oneself in a bad light. Trying to maintain our positive image of ourselves is a strong bias; making a conscious effort at examining alternate, unflattering narratives can be helpful.<br />
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My wife and me sometimes jokingly play "mock custody battle" - a game where we jokingly try to portray each other as some sort of terrible person and reinterpret each others entire biography as that of a villain - and it is quite enlightening.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 3: Seek out original sources, distrust secondary reporting</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Both for things like presidential debates and for scientific papers, the secondary reporting is often quite incorrect. In political debates, it is often much less relevant how the debate went and what happened -- only a small fraction of the population will have witnessed the event. What really counts is the narrative that gets spun around what happened.<br />
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You can observe this during election season in the US, where as soon as the debate is over, all sides will try to flood all the talkshows and newscasts with their "narrative" (which has often been pre-determined prior to the debate happening - "He is a flip-flopper. He flipflops." or something along those lines).</div>
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Likewise, scientific papers often get grossly misrepresented in popular reporting, but also by people that only superficially read the paper. Reporting is often grossly inaccurate, and if you are an expert on a topic, you will notice that on your topic of expertise, reporting is often wrong; at the same time, we somehow forget about this and assume that it is more accurate on topics where we are not experts (the famous "Gell-Mann amnesia").</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
A friend of mine (scientist himself) recently forwarded me a list of papers that estimated COVID-19 IFR; one of them reported an IFR of 0%. Closer examination of the contents of the paper revealed that they examined blood from blood donors for antibodies; nobody that died of COVID-19 went to donate blood 2 weeks later, so clearly there were no fatalities in their cohort.</div>
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Nonetheless, the paper was cited as "evidence that the IFR is lower than people think".</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
A different friend sent me a "scientific paper" that purported to show evidence that tetanus vaccines had been laced with a medication to cause infertility. Examining the paper, it was little than assembling a bunch of hearsay; no experimental setup, no controlling, no alternative hypothesis etc. Examining the homepages of the authors revealed they were all strange cranks, peddling various strange beliefs. It was "published" in a "we accept everything" journal. </div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
Acquiring the habit to read original sources is fascinating - there are bookshelves full of books that are quoted widely, mostly by people who have never read them (Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, and the Bible are probably the most common). It is also useful: Getting into the habit of reading original papers helps cut out the middle-man and start judging the results directly; it is also a good motivator to learn a good bit of statistics.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 4: Examine evidence for your beliefs, analyze competing hypotheses</h3>
Once one's own beliefs are clarified in writing, and one has looked at the primary sources, one can gather evidence for one's belief.<br />
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While one does so, one should also make a deliberate effort to gather and entertain competing hypotheses: What other explanations for the phenomenon under discussion exist? What are hypotheses advanced by others?<br />
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Given one's own beliefs, and alternate hypotheses, one can look at the evidence supporting each of them carefully.<br />
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Two principles help me at this stage to discount less-credible hypotheses (including my own):<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Occam's Razor: Often, the simpler explanation is the more likely explanation</li>
<li>Structural malice: Malicious individuals are pretty rare, but if an incentive structure exists where an individual can benefit from malice while explaining it away, the tendency is for that to happen.</li>
<li>Incompetence is much more common than competent malice. The Peter principle and Parkinsons law apply to human organisations.</li>
</ul>
After this step, I end up forming an opinion - looking at the various competing hypotheses, I re-examine which I find most credible. Often, but not always, it is the beliefs that I declared initially, but with reasonable frequency I have to adjust my beliefs after this step.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 5: What new information would change my opinion?</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="authorOrTitle">John Maynard Keynes is often quoted with "When the facts change, I change my mind; what do you do, Sir?". It is worth examining what would be necessary to change one's beliefs ahead of time.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="authorOrTitle">Given my belief on a subject right now, what new information would need to be disclosed to me for me to change my mind?</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="authorOrTitle">This is very helpful to separate "quasi-religious" beliefs from changeable beliefs.</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 6: Provide betting odds</h3>
This is perhaps the strangest, but ultimately one of my more useful points. Over the last years, I have read a bit about the philosophy of probability; particularly De Finetti's "<a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781402082016">Philosophical Lectures on Probability</a>".<br />
<br />
When we speak about "probability", we actually mean two different things: The fraction for a given outcome if we can repeat an experiment many times (coin-flip etc.), and the strength of belief that a given thing is true or will happen in situations where the experiment cannot be repeated.<br />
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These are very different things - the former has an objective truth, the second one is fundamentally subjective.<br />
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At the same time, if my subjective view of reality is accurate, I will assign good probability values (in the 2nd sense) to different events. ("Good" here means that if a proper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring_rule">scoring rule</a> was applied, I would do well).<br />
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Beliefs carry little cost, and little accountability. Betting provides cost for being wrong, and accountability about being wrong.<br />
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This means that if I truly believe that my beliefs are correct, I should be willing to bet on them; and through the betting odds I provide, I can quantify the strength of my belief.<br />
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For me, going through the exercise of forcing myself to provide betting odds has been extremely enlightening: It forced me to answer the question "how strongly do I actually believe this?".<br />
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In a concrete example: Most currently available data about COVID-19 hints at an IFR of between 0.49% and 1% (<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.20089854v1?fbclid=IwAR2t_SCUMtA0RPS9HfkxCW0-zQPgIBPmhkUZgBTKw0h5Jyyg4hU8jHzQR4g">source</a>) with a p-value of < 0.001. My personal belief is that the IFR is almost certainly >= 0.5%. I am willing to provide betting odds of 3:1 (meaning of you bet against me, you get 3x the payout) for the statement "By the end of 2022, when the dust around COVID-19 has settled, the empirical IFR for COVID-19 will have been greater than 0.5%".<br />
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This expresses strong belief in the statement (much better than even odds), but some uncertainty around the estimate in the paper (the p-value would justify much more aggressive betting odds).<br />
<br />
(Be aware that these betting odds are only valid for the next 4 days, as my opinion may change).<br />
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To sum up: Providing betting odds is a great way of forcing oneself to confront one's own strength of belief. If I believe something, but am unwilling to bet on it, why would that be the case? If I believe something, and am unwilling to provide strong odds in favor of that belief, why is that the case? Do I really believe these things if I am unwilling to bet?<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Habit 7: Discuss for enlightenment, not "winning"</h3>
When I was young, my father taught me that the purpose of a discussion is never to win, or even to convince. The purpose of a discussion is to <b>understand</b> - the topic under discussion, or the position of the other side, or a combination thereof. This gets lost a lot in modern social media "debates".<br />
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Social media encourages participating in discussions and arguing a side without ever carefully thinking about one's view on a topic. The
memoryless and repetitive nature of the medium allows one to spend countless hours re-hashing the same arguments over and over, without making any advance, and ignoring any thought-out arguments that may have been put in writing.<br />
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After few weeks after the "Rashomon of Disclosure"-post, a Twitter discussion about disclosure erupted; and I upset a few participants by more or less saying: "Y'know, I spent the time writing down my thoughts and arguments around the topic, and I am very willing to engage with anybody that is willing to spend the time writing down <b>their</b> thoughts and arguments, but I am not willing to engage in Twitter yelling matches where we ignore all the nuance and just whip up tribal sentiment."<br />
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This was not universally well-received, but refusal to engage in social media yelling matches and the dopamine kick that arises from the immediacy of the experience is an important step if we want to understand either the topic or the other participants in the debate.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Summary</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This was a very long-winded post. Thank you for having read this far. I hope this post will be helpful - perhaps some of the habits can be useful to others. If not, this blog post can at least explain why I will sometimes withdraw from social media discussions, and insist on long-form write ups as a means of communication. It should also be helpful to reduce bewilderment if I offer betting odds in surprising situations.</div>
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halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-83962652510782968112020-03-20T09:00:00.001-07:002020-03-20T09:00:38.281-07:00Before you ship a "security mitigation" ...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hey everybody,<br />
<br />
During my years doing vulnerability research and my time in Project Zero, I frequently encountered proposals for new security mitigations. Some of these were great, some of these - were not so great.<br />
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The reality is that most mitigations or "hardening" features will impose a tax on someone, somewhere, and quite possibly a heavy one. Many security folks do not have a lot of experience running reliable infrastructure, and some of their solutions can break things in production in rather cumbersome ways.<br />
<br />
To make things worse, many mitigations are proposed and implemented with very handwavy and non-scientific justifications - "it makes attacks harder", it "raises the bar", etc., making it difficult or impossible for third parties to understand the design and trade-offs considered during the design.<br />
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Over the years, I have complained about this repeatedly, not least in this Twitter thread:<br />
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<a href="https://twitter.com/halvarflake/status/1156815950873804800">https://twitter.com/halvarflake/status/1156815950873804800</a><br />
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This blog post is really just a recapitulation of the Twitter thread:<br />
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<div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-1blvdjr r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-19yat4t r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" lang="en">
<span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Below are rules I wrote for a good mitigation a while ago: “Before you ship a mitigation...</span></div>
<br />
<div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" lang="en">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Have a design doc for a mitigation with clear claims of what it intends to achieve. This should ideally be something like "make it impossible to achieve reliable exploitation of bugs like CVE1, CVE2, CVE3", or similar; claims like "make it harder" are difficult to quantify.</span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> If you can't avoid such statements, quantify them: "Make sure that development of an exploit for bugs like CVE4, CVE5 takes more than N months".</span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> <br /> </span></li>
<li><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Pick a few historical bugs (ideally from the design doc) and involve someone with solid vuln-dev experience; give him a 4-8 full engineering weeks to try to bypass the mitigation when exploiting historical bugs. See if the mitigation holds, and to what extent. Most of the time, the result will be that the mitigation did not live up to the promise. This is good news: You have avoided imposing a tax on everybody (in complexity, usability, performance) that provides no or insufficient benefit.</span></li>
<li><div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" lang="en">
<span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">When writing the code for the mitigation, *especially* when it touches kernel components, have a very stringent code review with review history. The reviewer should question any unwarranted complexity and ask for clarification.<br />Follow good coding principles - avoid functions with hidden side effects that are not visible from the name etc. - the stringency of the code review should at least match the stringency of a picky C++ readability reviewer, if not exceed it.”</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
<div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" lang="en">
<span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">There are also these three slides to remember:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRqSRA45VGQhiZKxHdmJ1HSxY-L48PHeu9ycWA9sHrXm_1MIG76GPaD_s9Tnju_ddfGc1RIffFruX5IuoG4kYQCvdW88JRcP0GJnok7OU4Aj8AQeWw6W8Op7a0xOZWPAjZxk1/s1600/slides.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="482" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRqSRA45VGQhiZKxHdmJ1HSxY-L48PHeu9ycWA9sHrXm_1MIG76GPaD_s9Tnju_ddfGc1RIffFruX5IuoG4kYQCvdW88JRcP0GJnok7OU4Aj8AQeWw6W8Op7a0xOZWPAjZxk1/s320/slides.png" width="184" /></a></div>
<div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" lang="en">
</div>
<div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" lang="en">
<span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">In short: Make it easy for people to understand the design rationale behind the mitigation. Make sure this design rationale is both accessible, and easily debated / discussed. Be precise and quantifiable in your claims so that people can challenge the mitigation on it's professed merits. </span></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-26926954028905639092019-08-17T01:36:00.001-07:002019-08-17T01:36:41.414-07:00Rashomon of disclosure<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In a world of changing technology, there are few constants - but if there is one constant in security, it is the rhythmic flare-up of discussions about disclosure on the social-media-du-jour (mailing lists in the past, now mostly Twitter and Facebook).<br />
<br />
Many people in the industry have wrestled with, and contributed to, the discussions, norms, and modes of operation - I would particularly like to highlight contributions by Katie Moussouris and Art Manion, but there are many that would deserve mentioning whose true impact is unknown outside a small circle. In all discussions of disclosure, it is important to keep in mind that many smart people have struggled with the problem. There may not be easy answers.<br />
<br />
In this blog post, I would like to highlight a few aspects of the discussion that are important to me personally - aspects which influenced my thinking, and which are underappreciated in my view.<br />
<br />
I have been on many (but not most) sides of the table during my career:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>On the side of the independent bug-finder who reports to a vendor and who is subsequently threatened.</li>
<li>On the side of the independent bug-finder that decided reporting is not worth my time.</li>
<li>On the side of building and selling a security appliance that handles malicious input and that needs to be built in a way that we do not add net exposure to our clients.</li>
<li>On the side of building and selling a software that clients install.</li>
<li>On the side of Google Project Zero, which tries to influence the industry to improve its practices and rectify some of the bad incentives.</li>
</ul>
The sides of the table that are notably missing here are the role of the middle- or senior-level manager that makes his living shipping software on a tight deadline and who is in competition for features, and the role of the security researcher directly selling bugs to governments. I will return to this in the last section.<br />
<br />
I expect almost every reader will find something to vehemently disagree with. This is expected, and to some extent, the point of this blog post. <br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The simplistic view of reporting vulnerabilities to vendors</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
I will quickly describe the simplistic view of vulnerability reporting / patching. It is commonly brought up in discussions, especially by folks that have not wrestled with the topic for long. The gist of the argument is:</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Prior to publishing a vulnerability, the vulnerability is unknown except to the finder and the software vendor.</li>
<li>Very few, if any, people are at risk while we are in this state.</li>
<li>Publishing about the information prior to the vendor publishing a patch puts many people at risk (because they can now be hacked). This should hence not happen.</li>
</ol>
Variants of this argument are used to claim that no researcher should publish vulnerability information before patches are available, or that no researcher should publish information until patches are applied, or that no researcher should publish information that is helpful for building exploits.<br />
<br />
This argument, at first glance, is simple, plausible, and wrong. In the following, I will explain the various ways in which this view is flawed.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The Zardoz experience</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
For those that joined Cybersecurity in recent years: Zardoz was a mailing list on which "whitehats" discussed and shared security vulnerabilities with each other so they could be fixed without the "public" knowing about them.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The result of this activity was: Every hacker and active intelligence shop at the time wanted to have access to this mailing list (because it would regularly contain important new attacks). They generally succeeded. Quote from the Wikipedia entry on Zardoz:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
On the other hand, the circulation of Zardoz postings among computer
hackers was an open secret, mocked openly in a famous Phrack parody of
an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> channel populated by notable security experts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardoz_(computer_security)#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </blockquote>
History shows, again and again, that small groups of people that share vulnerability information ahead of time always have at least one member compromised; there are always attackers that read the communication.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>It is reasonably safe to assume that the same holds for the email addresses to which security vulnerabilities are reported.</b> These are high-value targets, and getting access to them (even if it means physical tampering or HUMINT) is so useful that well-funded persistent adversaries need to be assumed to have access to them. It is their job, after all.<br />
<br />
(Zardoz isn't unique. Other examples are unfortunately less-well documented. Mail spools of internal mailing
lists of various CERTs were circulated in hobbyist hacker circles in the
early 2000s, and it is safe to assume that any dedicated intelligence
agency today can reproduce that level of access.)</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The fallacy of uniform risk</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Risk is not uniformly distributed throughout society.
Some people are more at-risk than others: Dissidents in oppressive
countries, holders of large quantities of cryptocurrency, people who
think their work is journalism when the US government thinks their work
is espionage, political stakeholders and negotiators. Some of them face
quite severe consequences from getting hacked, ranging from mild
discomfort to death.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The majority of
users in the world are much less at risk: The worst-case scenario for
them, in terms of getting hacked, is inconvenience and a moderate amount
of financial loss.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This means that the naive "counting" of victims in the original argument makes a false assumption: Everybody has the same "things to lose" by getting hacked. This is not the case: Some people have their life and liberty at risk, but most people don't. For those that do not, it may actually be rational behavior to not update their devices immediately, or to generally not care much about security - why take precautions against an event that you think is either unlikely or largely not damaging to you? </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
For those at risk, though, it is often rational to be paranoid - to avoid using technology entirely for a while, to keep things patched, and to invest time and resources into keeping their things secure.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Any discussion of the pros and cons of disclosure should take into account that risk profiles vary drastically. Taking this argument to the extreme, the question arises: "Is it OK to put 100m people at risk of inconvenience if I can reduce the risk of death for 5 people?"</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
I do not have an answer for this sort of calculation, and given the uncertainty of all probabilities and data points in this, I am unsure whether one exists.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Forgetting about patch diffing</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
One of the lessons that our industry sometimes (and to my surprise) forgets is: Public availability of a patch is, from the attacker perspective, not much different than a detailed analysis of the vulnerability including a vulnerability trigger.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
There used to be a cottage industry of folks that analyze patches and write reports on what the fixed bugs are, whether they were fixed correctly, and how to trigger them. They usually operated away from the spotlight, but that does not mean they do not exist - many were our customers.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
People in the offensive business can build infrastructure that helps them rapidly analyze patches and get the information they need out of them. Defenders, mostly due to organizational and not technical reasons, can not do this. This means that in the absence of a full discussion of the vulnerability, defenders will be at a significant information disadvantage compared to attackers.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Without understanding the details of the vulnerability, networks and hosts cannot be monitored for its exploitation, and mitigations-other-than-patching cannot be applied.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Professional attackers, on the other hand, will have all the information about a vulnerability not long after they obtain a patch (if they did not have it beforehand already).<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The fallacy of "do not publish triggers"</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
When publishing about a vulnerability, should "triggers", small pieces of data that hit the vulnerability and crash the program, be published?</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Yes, building the first trigger is often time-consuming for an attacker. Why would we save them the time?</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Well, because without a public trigger for a vulnerability, at least, it is
extremely hard for defensive staff to determine whether a particular
product in use may contain the bug in question. A prime example
of this CVE-2012-6706: Everybody assumed that the vulnerability is only
present on Sophos; no public PoC was provided. So nobody realized that
the bug lived in upstream Unrar, and it wasn't until 2017 that it got
re-discovered and fixed. 5 years of extra time for a bug because no trigger was published.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
If you have an Antivirus Gateway running somewhere, or any piece of
legacy software, you need at least a trigger to check whether the
product includes the vulnerable software. If you are attempting at building any form of custom detection for an attack, you also need the trigger.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The fallacy of "do not publish exploits"</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Now, should exploits be published? Clearly the answer should be no?</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In my experience, even large organizations with mature security teams and programs often struggle to understand the changing nature of attacks. Many people that are now in management positions cut their teeth on (from today's perspective) relatively simple bugs, and have not fully understood or appreciated how exploitation has changed.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In general, defenders are almost always at an information disadvantage: Attackers will not tell them what they do, and gleefully applaud and encourage when the defender gets a wrong idea in his head about what to do. Read the <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologs/cryptolog_126.pdf">declassified cryptolog_126.pdf</a> Eurocrypt trip report to get a good impression of how this works.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Three of the last four sessions were of no value whatever, and indeed there was almost nothing at Eurocrypt to interest us (this is good news!). The scholarship was actually extremely good; it's just that the directions which external cryptologic researchers have taken are remarkably far from our own lines of interest. </blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Defense has many resources, but many of them are misapplied: Mitigations performed that do not hold up to an attacker slightly changing strategies, products bought that do not change an attacker calculus or the exploit economics, etc.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A nontrivial part of this misapplication is information scarcity about real exploits. My personal view is that Project Zero's exploit write-ups, and the many great write-ups by the Pwn2Own competitors and other security research teams (Pangu and other Chinese teams come to mind) about the actual internal mechanisms of their exploits is invaluable to transmit understanding of actual attacks to defenders, and are <i>necessary</i> to help the industry stay on course.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Real exploits can be studied, understood, and potentially used by skilled defenders for both mitigation and detection, and to test other defensive measures.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The reality of software shipping and prioritization</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Companies that sell software make their money by shipping new features. Managers in these organizations get promoted for shipping said features and reaching more customers. If they succeed in doing so, their career prospects are bright, and by the time the security flaws in the newly-shipped features become evident, they are four steps in the career ladder and two companies away from the risk they created.<br />
<br />
The true cost of attack surface is not properly accounted for in modern software development (even if you have an SDLC); largely because this cost is shouldered by the customers that run the software - and even then, only by a select few that have unusual risk profiles.<br />
<br />
A sober look at current incentive structures in software development shows that there is next to zero incentive for a team that ships a product to invest in security on a 4-5 year horizon. Everybody perceives themselves to be in breakneck competition, and velocity is prioritized. This includes bug reports: The entire reason for the 90-day deadline that Project Zero enforced was the fact that without a hard deadline, software vendors would routinely not prioritize fixing an obvious defect, because ... why would you distract yourself with doing it if you could be shipping features instead?<br />
<br />
The only disincentive to adding new attack surface these days is getting heckled on a blog post or in a Blackhat talk. Has any manager in the software industry <b>ever</b> had their career damaged by shipping particularly broken software and incurring risks for their users? I know of precisely zero examples. If you know of one, please reach out, I would be extremely interested to learn more.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The tech industry as risk-taker on behalf of others</h3>
<div>
<div>
(I will use Microsoft as an example in the following paragraphs,
but you can replace it with Apple or Google/Android with only minor changes. The
tech giants are quite similar in this.)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Microsoft has made 248bn$+ in <b>profits</b>
since 2005. In no year did they make less than 1bn$ in profits per
month. Profits in the decade leading up to 2005 were lower, and I could
not find numbers, but even in 2000 MS was raking in more than a billion
in profits a quarter. And part of these profits were made <b>by incurring risks on behalf of their customers</b>
- by making decisions to not properly sandbox the SMB components, by
under-staffing security, by not deprecating and migrating customers away
from insecure protocols.</div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The software product industry (including mobile phone makers) has reaped excess profits for decades by selling risky products and offloading the risk onto their clients and society. My analogy is that they constructed financial products that yield a certain amount of excess return but blow up disastrously under certain geopolitical events, then sold some of the excess return and *all* of the risk to a third party that is not informed of the risk.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Any industry that can make profits while offloading the risks will incur excess risks, and regulation is required to make sure that those that make the profits also carry the risks. Due to historical accidents (the fact that software falls under copyright) and unwillingness to regulate the golden goose, we have allowed 30 years of societal-risk-buildup, largely driven by excess profits in the software and tech industry.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Now that MS (and the rest of the tech industry) has sold the rest of society a bunch of toxic paper that blows up in case of some geopolitical tail events (like the resurgence of great-power competition), they really do not wish to take the blame for it - after all, there may be regulation in the future, and they may have to actually shoulder some of the risks they are incurring.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
What is the right solution to such a conundrum? Lobbying, and a concerted PR effort to deflect the blame. Security researchers, 0-day vendors, and people that happen to sell tools that could be useful to 0-day vendors are much more convenient targets than admitting: All this risk that is <b>surfaced</b> by security research and 0-day vendors is originally <b>created for excess profit</b> by the tech industry.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
FWIW, it is rational for them to do so, but I disagree that we should let them do it :-). </div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A right to know</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
My personal view on disclosure is influenced by the view that consumers have a right to <b>get all available information about the known risks of the products they use</b>. If an internal Tobacco industry study showed that smoking may cause cancer, that should have been public from day 1, including all data.<br />
<br />
Likewise, consumers of software products should have access to all known information about the security of their product, all the time. My personal view is that the 90 days deadlines that are accepted these days are an attempt at balancing competing interests (availability of patches vs. telling users about the insecurity of their device).<br />
<br />
Delaying much further or withholding data from the customer is - in my personal opinion - a form of deceit; my personal opinion is that the tech industry should be much more aggressive in warning users that under current engineering practices, their personal data is never fully safe in any consumer-level device. Individual bug chains may cost a million dollars now, but that million dollars is amortized over a large number of targets, so the cost-per-individual compromise is reasonably low.<br />
<br />
I admit that my view (giving users all the information so that they can (at least in theory) make good decisions using all available information) is a philosophical one: I believe that withholding available information that may alter someone's decision is a form of deceit, and that consent (even in business relationships) requires transparency with each other. Other people may have different philosophies.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Rashomon, or how opinions are driven by career incentives</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The movie <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon">Rashomon</a> that gave this blog post the title is a beautiful black-and-white movie from 1950, directed by the famous Akira Kurosawa. From the Wikipedia page:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The film is known for a plot device that involves various characters providing subjective, alternative, self-serving, and contradictory versions of the same incident.</blockquote>
If you haven't seen it, I greatly recommend watching it.<br />
<br />
The reason why I gave this blog post the title "Rashomon of disclosure" is to emphasize the complexity of the situation. There are many facets, and my views are strongly influenced by the sides of the table I have been on - and those I haven't been on. <br />
<br />
Everybody participating in the discussion has some underlying interests and/or philosophical views that influence their argument. <br />
<br />
Software vendors do not want to face up to generating excess profits by offloading risk to society. 0-day vendors do not want to face up to the fact that a fraction of their clients kills people (sometimes entirely innocent ones), or at least break laws in <b>some</b> jurisdiction. Security researchers want to have the right to publish their research, even if they fail to significantly impact the broken economics of security.<br />
<br />
Everybody wants to be the hero of their own story, and in their own account of the state of the world, they are. <br />
<br />
None of the questions surrounding vulnerability disclosure, vulnerability discovery, and the trade-offs involved in it are easy. People that claim there is an easy and obvious path to go about security vulnerability disclosure have either not thought about it very hard, or have sufficiently strong incentives to self-delude that there is one true way.<br />
<br />
After 20+ years of seeing this debate go to and fro, my request to everybody is: When you explain to the world why you are the hero of your story, take a moment to reflect on alternative narratives, and make an effort to recognize that <b>the story is probably not that simple</b>.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-64542524285149923252018-10-02T23:25:00.000-07:002018-10-02T23:33:27.927-07:00Turing completeness, weird machines, Twitter, and muddled terminology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
First off, an apology to the reader: I normally spend a bit of effort to make my blog posts readable / polished, but I am under quite a few time constraints at the moment, so the following will be held to lesser standards of writing than usual.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A discussion arose on Twitter after <a href="https://twitter.com/halvarflake/status/1047204124121550848">I tweeted</a> that the use of the term "Turing-complete" in academic exploit papers is wrong. During that discussion, it emerged that there are more misunderstandings of terms that play into this. Correcting these things on Twitter will not work (how I long for the days of useful mailing lists), so I ended up writing a short text. Pastebin is not great for archiving posts either, so for lack of a better place to put it, here it comes:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
Our misuse of "Turing completeness" and "weird machine" is harmful and confusing</h2>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
1. "Turing completeness"</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
TC refers to computability (in terms of simulating other computers), and is well-defined there. It means "can simulate any Turing machine". There are a few things to keep in mind about TC:</div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">None of the machines we use day-to-day are TC in the absence of I/O. TC requires infinite memory.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">TC arises really quickly; all you need is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_instruction_set_computer">one instruction</a> that subtracts and performs a conditional branch if not zero instruction. It also arises in quite minimal recurrence equations randomly (see the fact that game of life is Turing-complete).</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the exploitation case, the desirable outcome is "we got integer arithmetic and arbitrary read and write". Turing-completeness says nothing about exploitability as exploitability has little to do with computation and much more to do with "what sort of states are reachable given the possible interactions with my target". These are two very distinct questions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Font renderers are Turing-complete, Javascript is, and considering that if I/O is present, part of the computation may actually be performed on the attacker side, IMAP is as well.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It is simply a complete mis-use of terms. Even the paper that <a href="https://hovav.net/ucsd/dist/geometry.pdf">first used it</a> just used it to say "we eyeballed the instructions we got, and they look like we can probably do everything we'd want to do":</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
The set of gadgets
we describe is Turing complete by inspection, so return-oriented programs can do anything possible
with x86 code.</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Let's not mis-use a precisely defined term for something else just because saying "TC" makes us feel like we are doing real computer science.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Exploitation is about reachable states (and transitions) much more than about computability.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
2. "Weird machines"</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Weird machines are one of the most tragically misunderstood abstractions (which, if people understand it properly, helps greatly in reasoning about exploitation).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The point of weird machine research is *not* about showing that everything is Turing complete. The point of weird machine research is that <b>when any finite state automaton is simulated, and when that simulation gets corrupted, a new machine emerges, with it's own instruction set</b>. It is this instruction set that gets programmed in attacks. Constraining the state transitions (and hence the reachable states) of a weird machine is what makes exploitation impossible. The computational power (in the TC sense) is secondary.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The key insight that would have saved us all from the dreary experience of reading 25 tit-for-tat-ROP-and-bad-mitigation papers is that if you do not constrain what the weird machines that emerge on a memory corruption can do, your mitigation is probably not going to help. Most mitigations blacklist a particular weird machine program, without constraining the machine's capabilities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Weird machines are the proper framework in which to reason about pretty much all exploits that are not side-channel based or missing-auth-based.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now, unfortunately, the abstraction was well-understood intuitively by a few people that had done a lot of exploitation, but not made precise or put in writing. As a consequence, other researchers heard the term, and "filled it with their imagination": They then used the term wherever they found a surprising method of computation in random things by using them as designed. This made the term even harder to understand - in the same way that nobody will be able to understand "Turing complete" by just reading ROP papers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am particularly passionate about this part because I spent a few months putting the informally-defined weird machine onto sound footing and <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8226852">into precise definitions</a> to writing to prevent the term from getting even more muddled :-)</div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
To summarize:</h4>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">The use of "Turing completeness" in ROP papers is an abuse; the use of that term does not correspond to the use of the term in theoretical CS. If we are going to use rigorous terms, we should make sure we use them correctly. I see students and researchers be confused about the actual meaning all the time now.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The ROP-tit-for-tat-mitigation paper deluge (and the subsequent unhealthy focus on CFI) could have been avoided if people had reasoned about ROP things at the right abstraction levels (weird machines). They would have had the chance, because there were quite a few conversations between the authors of the tit-for-tat-papers and people that understood things properly :-), but my suspicion is that there was no incentive to reason on an abstraction level that messes with your ability to salami-slice more papers.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It was made harder to understand the concept of weird machines because people that had not properly understood weird machines started calling everything that looked vaguely interesting "weird machines". Nobody was sitting on any review boards to stop them :-), so now that term (which also has a precise definition) is used in a wrong manner, too.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My larger point is: We have so much handwavy and muddled terminology in the papers in this field, it is harmful to young researchers, other fields, and PhD students. The terminology is confusing, often ill-defined (what is a gadget?), terms that have a precise meaning in general CS get used to mean something completely else without anybody explaining it (Turing complete).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This creates unnecessary and harmful confusion, and it should be fixed.</div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-45810186548454568572018-03-31T09:51:00.000-07:002018-03-31T09:51:04.288-07:00A bank statement for app activity (and thus personal data)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
During my long sabbatical in 2015-2016 I had plenty of time to think about random things and come up with strange ideas. Most of these ideas are more funny than practical - their primary use is boring people that are reckless enough to have drinks with me.<br />
<br />
This blog post describes one of these ideas. With the recent renewed interest in privacy and overreach of smart phone apps, it seems like a topic that is - at least temporarily - less boring than usual.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
ML, software behavior, and the boundary between 'malicious' and 'non-malicious'</h2>
<div>
I have seen a lot of human brain power (and a vast amount of computational power) thrown at the problem of automatically deciding whether a given piece of software is good or bad. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This is usually done as follows:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Collect a lot of information about the behavior of software (normally by running the software in some simulated environment)</li>
<li>Extract features from this information</li>
<li>Apply some more-or-less sophisticated machine learning model to decide between "good" or "bad"</li>
</ol>
<div>
The underlying idea behind this is that there is "bad" behavior, and "good" behavior, and if we could somehow build a machine learning model that is sufficiently powerful, we could automatically decide whether a given piece of software is good or bad.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In practice, this rarely works without significant false-positive problems, or significant false-negative-problems, or all sorts of complicated corner-cases where the system fails.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In 2015, I had to deal with the fallout of the badly-phrased Wassenaar wording: Export-control legislation which tried to define "bad behavior" for software. During this, it became clear to me that the idea that behavior alone determines good/bad is flawed.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The behavior of a piece of software does not determine whether it is malicious or not. The true defining line between malicious and non-malicious software is whether software <i><b>does what the user expects it to do</b></i>. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Users run software because they have an expectation for what this software does. They grant permissions for software because they have an expectation for the software to do something <i>for them</i> ("I want to make phone calls, so clearly the app should use the microphone"). This permission is given conditionally, with context -- the user does not want to give the app permission to switch on the microphone when the user does not intend to make a phone call.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><i>The question of malicious / non-malicious software is a question of alignment between user expectations and software behavior.</i></b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This means, in practice, that efforts in applying machine learning to separate malicious from non-malicious software are doomed to fail, because they fail to measure the one dimension through which the boundary between good and bad runs.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Intuitively, this can be illustrated with the two pictures below. They show the same set of red and green points in 3d-space from two different perspectives -- once with their z-axis projected away, and once in a 3-d plot where the z-axis is still visible:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-5eOYeguDggX_E-fE7A8DpH-sGMXjKx7kyHLHnyMAm9HhdNy9i_yXV25pO362NF41zxGww1qpTPBj2n5aHrfnaABX1RKjbFQizulwsFv63cQdXwpOapGxlo3Y8mHqt0jJ_QI7/s1600/points_wrong_dim.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="1235" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-5eOYeguDggX_E-fE7A8DpH-sGMXjKx7kyHLHnyMAm9HhdNy9i_yXV25pO362NF41zxGww1qpTPBj2n5aHrfnaABX1RKjbFQizulwsFv63cQdXwpOapGxlo3Y8mHqt0jJ_QI7/s320/points_wrong_dim.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cloud of points from the side, with the "important" dimension projected away. It is near-impossible to draw a sane boundary between red and green points, and whatever boundary you draw won't generalize well.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgpBqSU67pomDYFe7SH5WFFbB6YYyBCFbQMaMc-nj7sUbIfbdPJuNi4t0UbKwKHNQuJx8zKh-Or_kKTi_zkLqlbKK0B5ekyrj6Ai31gsNtkNcoHy9JhXENiQD7tpqrWhvIPOos/s1600/pointcloud_rotated.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1366" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgpBqSU67pomDYFe7SH5WFFbB6YYyBCFbQMaMc-nj7sUbIfbdPJuNi4t0UbKwKHNQuJx8zKh-Or_kKTi_zkLqlbKK0B5ekyrj6Ai31gsNtkNcoHy9JhXENiQD7tpqrWhvIPOos/s320/pointcloud_rotated.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Same cloud of points, with the "important" dimension going from left to right. It is much clearer how to separate green from red points now.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
The question that arises naturally, then, is:<br />
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
How can one measure the missing dimension (user intent)?</h2>
<div>
User intent is a difficult thing to measure. The software industry has the practice of forcing the user to agree to some ridiculously wide-reaching terms-of-services or EULA that few users read, even fewer understand, and which are often near-equivalent to giving the person you hire to clean your flat a power of attorney over all your documents, and allowing them to throw parties in your flat while you are not looking.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
It is commonly argued that - because the user clicked "agree" to an extremely broad agreement - the user consented to everything the software can possibly do.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
But consent to software actions is context-dependent and conditioned on particular, specific actions. It is fine for my messenger to request access to my camera, microphone and files - I may need to send a picture, I may need to make a phone call, and I may need to send an attachment. It is not OK for my messenger to use my microphone to see if a particular ultrasonic tracker sound is received, it is not OK for my messenger to randomly search through files etc.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Users do not get to tell the software vendor their intent and the context for which they are providing consent.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Now, given that user intent is difficult to measure up-front - how about we simply ask the user whether something that an app / software did was what he expected it to do?</div>
<h2>
Information and attention is a currency - but one with bad accounting</h2>
<div>
The modern ad economy runs on attention and private data. The big advertising platforms make their money by selling the combination of user attention and the ability to micro-target advertisements given contextual data about a user. The user "pays" for goods and services by providing attention and private data.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
People often fear that big platforms will "sell their data". This is, at least for the smarter / more profitable platforms, an unnecessary fear: These platforms make their money by having data that others do not have, and which allows better micro-targeting. They do not make their money "selling data", they make money "monetizing the data they have".<br />
<br />
The way to think about the relationship between the user and the platform is more of a clicheed "musician-agent" relationship: The musician produces something, but does not know how to monetize it. His Agent knows how to monetize it, and strikes a deal with the musician: You give me exclusive use of your product, and I will monetize it for you - and take a cut from the proceeds.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The profits accumulated by the big platforms are the difference between what the combination of attention & private data obtained from users is worth and the cost of obtaining this attention and data.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
For payments in "normal" currency, users usually have pretty good accounting: They know what is in their wallet, and (to the extent that they use electronic means for payments) they get pretty detailed transaction statements. It is not difficult for a normal household to reconstruct from their bank statements relatively precisely how much they paid for what goods in a given month.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This transparency creates trust: We do not hesitate much to give our credit card numbers to online service providers, because we know that we can intervene if they charge our credit cards without reason and in excess of what we agreed to.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Private information, on the other hand, is not accounted for. Users have no way to see how much private data they provide, and whether they are actually OK with that.<br />
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
A bank statement for app/software activity</h2>
<div>
How could one empower users to account for their private data, while at the same time helping platform providers identify malicious software better?<br />
<br />
By providing users with the equivalent of a bank statement for app/software activity. The way I imagine it would be roughly as follows:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A separate component of my mobile phone (or computer) OS keeps detailed track of app activity: What peripherals are accessed at what times, what files are accessed, etc.<br />
<br />
Users are given the option of checking the activity on their device through a UI that makes these details understandable and accessible:</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>App XYZ accessed your microphone in the last week at the following times, showing you the following screen:</li>
<ul>
<li>Timestamp 1, screenshot 1</li>
<li>Timestamp 2, screenshot 2</li>
</ul>
<li>Does this match your expectations of what the app should do? YES / NO</li>
<li>App ABC accessed the following files during the last week at the following times, showing you the following screen:</li>
<ul>
<li>Timestamp 3, screenshot 3</li>
<ul>
<li>Filename</li>
<li>Filename</li>
<li>filename</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Does this match your expectations of what the app should do? YES / NO</li>
</ul>
<div>
At least on modern mobile platforms, most of the above data is already available - modern permissions systems can keep relatively detailed logs of "when what was accessed". Adding the ability to save screenshots alongside is easy.<br />
<br />
Yes, a lot of work has to go into a thoughtful UI, but it seems worth the trouble: Even if most users will randomly click on YES / NO, the few thousand users that actually care will provide platform providers valuable information about whether an app is overreaching or not. At the same time, more paranoid users (like me) would feel less fearful about installing useful apps: If I see the app doing something in excess of what I would like it to do, I could remove it.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Right now, users have extremely limited transparency into what apps are actually doing. While the situation is improving slowly (most platforms allow me to check which app last used my GPS), it is still way too opaque for comfort, and overreach / abuse is likely pervasive.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Changing this does not seem hard, if any of the big platform providers could muster the will.<br />
<br />
It seems like a win / win situation, so I can hope. I can also promise that I will buy the first phone to offer this in a credible way :-).</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
PS: There are many more side-benefits to the above model - for example making it more difficult to hack a trusted app developer to then silently exfiltrate data from users that trust said developer - but I won't bore you with those details now.</div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-89340561759632012982018-02-21T13:35:00.005-08:002018-02-21T13:35:38.436-08:00Two small notes on the "malicious use of AI" report<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
After a long hiatus on this blog, a new post! Well, not really - but a whitepaper was published today titled "<a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/02/malicious-use-artificial-intelligence-forecasting-prevention-and-mitigation">The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence</a>", and I decided I should cut/paste/publish two notes that apply to the paper from an email I wrote a while ago.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
Perhaps they are useful to someone:<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<b>1) On the ill-definedness of AI</b>: AI is a diffuse and ill-defined term. Pretty much *anything* where a parameter <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">is inferred from data is called "AI" today. Yes, clothing sizes are determined by "AI", because mean </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">measurements are inferred from real data.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
To test whether one has fallen into the trap as viewing AI as something structurally different from other mathematics <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">or computer science (it is not!), one should try to battle-test documents about AI policy, and check them for proportionality, </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">by doing the following:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
Take the existing test and search/replace every occurrence of the word "AI" or "artificial intelligence" <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">with "Mathematics", and every occurrence of the word "machine learning" with "statistics". Re-read </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">the text and see whether you would still agree.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<b>2) "All science is always dual-use":</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
Everybody that works at the intersection of science & policy should read Hardy's "A mathematicians apology". <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=de&q=https://www.math.ualberta.ca/mss/misc/A%2520Mathematician%2527s%2520Apology.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1519334397571000&usg=AFQjCNFDRp0rFjWfTseCpFGQnObSh_W0Rw" href="https://www.math.ualberta.ca/mss/misc/A%20Mathematician%27s%20Apology.pdf" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">https://www.math.ualberta.ca/<wbr></wbr>mss/misc/A%20Mathematician%<wbr></wbr>27s%20Apology.pdf</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
I am not sure how many of the contributors have done so, but it is a fascinating read - he contemplates among <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">other things the effect that mathematics had on warfare, and to what extent science can be conducted if one has </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">to assume it will be used for nefarious purposes.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
My favorite section is the following:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
We have still one more question to consider. We have concluded that the trivial mathematics is, on the whole, useful, and that the real mathematics, on the whole, is not; that the trivial mathematics does, and the real mathematics does not, ‘do good’ in a certain sense; but we have still to ask whether either sort of mathematics does harm. It would be paradoxical to suggest that mathematics of any sort does much harm in time of peace, so that we are driven to the consideration of the effects of mathematics on war. It is every difficult to argue such questions at all dispassionately now, and I should have preferred to avoid them; but some sort of discussion seems inevitable. Fortunately, it need not be a long one.<br />There is one comforting conclusions which is easy for a real mathematician. Real mathematics has no effects on war.<br />No one has yet discovered any warlike purpose to be served by the theory of numbers or relativity, and it seems very unlikely that anyone will do so for many years. It is true that there are branches of applied mathematics, such as ballistics and aerodynamics, which have been developed deliberately for war and demand a quite elaborate technique: it is perhaps hard to call them ‘trivial’, but none of them has any claim to rank as ‘real’. They are indeed repulsively ugly and intolerably dull; even Littlewood could not make ballistics respectable, and if he could not who can? So a real mathematician has his conscience clear; there is nothing to be set against any value his work may have; mathematics is, as I said at Oxford, a ‘harmless and innocent’ occupation. The trivial mathematics, on the other hand, has many applications in war.<br />The gunnery experts and aeroplane designers, for example, could not do their work without it. And the general effect of these applications is plain: mathematics facilitates (if not so obviously as physics or chemistry) modern, scientific, ‘total’ war.</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
The most fascinating bit about the above is how fantastically presciently wrong Hardy was when speaking about the lack <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">of war-like applications for number theory or relativity - RSA and nuclear weapons respectively. In a similar vein - I was in a relationship in the past with a</span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> woman who was a social anthropologist, and who often mocked my field of expertise for being close </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">to the military funding agencies (this was in the early 2000s). The first thing that SecDef Gates did when he took his </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">position was hire a bunch of social anthropologists to help DoD unravel the tribal structure in Iraq.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
The point of this disgression is: It is impossible for any scientist to imagine future uses and abuses of his scientific <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">work. You cannot choose to work on "safe" or "unsafe" science - the only choice you have is between relevant and </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">irrelevant, and the militaries of this world *will* use whatever is relevant and use it to maximize their warfare capabilities.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-21970640786532467912017-08-22T02:13:00.002-07:002017-08-22T02:13:23.501-07:00A quick post on Wikipedia-scrubbing and a historical document on binary diffing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I am a huge fan of Wikipedia -- I sometimes browse Wikipedia like other people watch TV, skipping from topic to topic and - on average - being impressed by the quality of the articles.<br />
<br />
One thing I have noticed in recent years, though, is that the base-democratic principles of Wikipedia open it up to manipulation and whitewashing - Wikipedia's guidelines are strict, and a person can get a lot of negative information removed just by cleverly using the guidelines to challenge entries. This is no fault of Wikipedia -- in fact, I think the guidelines are good and useful -- but it is often instructive to read the history of a particular page.<br />
<br />
I recently stumbled over a particularly amusing example of this, and feel compelled to write about it.<br />
<br />
More than a twelve years ago, when BinDiff was brand-new and wingraph32.exe was still the graph visualization tool of choice, there was a controversy surrounding a product called "CherryOS" - which purported to be an Apple emulator. A student had raised the allegation that "CherryOS" had misappropriated source code from an open-source project called "PearPC" on his website, and the founder of the company selling CherryOS (somebody by the name of Arben Kryeziu) had threatened the student legally over this claim.<br />
<br />
In order to help a good cause, we did a quick analysis of the code similarities between CherryOS and PearPC, and found that approximately half of the code in CherryOS was verbatim copy & paste from PearPC. We wrote a small report, provided it to the lawyer of the student under allegation, and the entire kerfuffle died down quickly. Wikipedia used to have a page that detailed some of the drama for a few years thereafter.<br /><br />I recently stumbled over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CherryOS">Wikipedia page</a> of CherryOS, and was impressed: The page had been cleaned of any information that supported the code-theft claims, and offered a narrative where there had never been conclusive consensus that CherryOS was full of misappropriated code. This is not a reflection of what happened back then at all.<br />
<br />
Anyhow, in a twist of fate, I also found an old USB stick which still contained a draft of the 2005 note we wrote. For the sake of history, <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5hBKwgSgYFaeTN4eGZXZGxsaWc/view?usp=sharing">here it is</a> :-)<br />
<br />
I had forgotten how painful it was to look at disassembly CFGs in wingraph32. Sometimes, when I am frustrated at the speed at which RE tools improved during my professional life, it is useful to be reminded what the dark ages looked like.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-31286300812572914632016-10-01T00:25:00.002-07:002016-10-01T00:43:17.631-07:00"Why do you work in security instead of something more lasting ?"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This post grew out of a friend on Facebook asking (I paraphrase) "why do you spend your time on security instead of using your brainpower for something more lasting ?". I tried to answer, and ended up writing a very long reply. Another friend then encouraged me to re-post my reply to a wider audience. The below is a slightly edited and expanded version. It is much less polished than my usual blog posts, more personal, and somewhat stream-of-conscious-y. Apologies for that.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Why do I work in security instead of on something more lasting?</h4>
Predictions about what is "lasting" are very difficult to make :-). I think outside of the exploit-of-the-day, there's lasting work to be done in understanding of exploitation (because machines and automata aren't going away, and neither are programming mistakes), and I sincerely hope I'll have opportunity to do that work.<br />
<br />
I tried my hand in cryptography / academia, and found it more prone to political trends/fads and less blindly results-oriented than security - to my great disappointment. When all attacks are of theoretical complexity 2^96, verifying and replicating results becomes difficult, and objective truth suffers (see below).<br />
<br />
In the following, I will state a few things that I really like about the computer security community. I did not realize this immediately - instead, I learnt this over many years and engagement in other communities.<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Original thinkers</b>. I used to joke that there are less than 2 dozen reasons why security as a field doesn't suck, and I know many of them personally. Now, the 2 dozen is bullshit, but what is true that in all the noise & hype, I have met a number of very fun, unconventional, and deeply insightful thinkers of very different backgrounds. They are few and far between, but I wouldn't have met them without security, and I am grateful for having met them. Many exploits require considerable inventiveness, and non-obvious / creative ways of solving problems; they are sometimes like a good joke / magic trick: With an unexpected twist that makes you laugh in disbelief.</li>
<li><b>Tolerance of non-conformism and diverse educational backgrounds</b>. There are few other industries where people who did not finish high school mix with people with postgraduate degrees, and debate on even terms. With all it's problems and biases, the part of the community I grew up with did not care about gender, skin color, or parental income - everybody was green writing on a black screen.</li>
<li><b>Intellectual honesty</b>. When discussing attacks, there is "objective truth" - you can establish whether an attack works or does not work, and checking reproducibility is easy. This is not true in many other disciplines, and "truth" becomes a matter of social consensus - even in pure math, where proof should be absolute. Having objective truth is extremely helpful to prevent a discipline to devolve into scholasticism.</li>
</ol>
Many other fields which may be more "lasting" do not have the luxury of these three points. Also be aware that my visibility into the security community is very skewed:<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
My skewed view of the security community</h4>
<div>
It is common to hear negative things about the community - that it is elitist, full of posturing, or of people that are mean / demeaning to others with less experience. This is not the community I experience - and this discrepancy has been puzzling me for a while.<br />
<br />
For one thing, everybody is always nice to me. I am not sure why this is the case, but the only non-niceties I encountered in this industry were in leaked email spools. This makes it difficult for me to notice people being mean to newcomers and elitist - and it saddens me to hear that people are being shit to each other.<br />
<br />
People weren't always nice to me - like any group of teenagers, 1990's IRC was very often not a friendly place, and #cracking would kickban you for asking a question. I found a home of sorts in a channel called #cracking4newbies - a very welcoming environment dedicated to joint learning. It was great for me: I could ask questions, and either got answers or links to documentation. A few members of #cracking were no longer active, and held status in the channel for historical reasons, #cracking4newbies on the other hand was full of eager & active youngsters.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
I somehow managed to avoid being around the posturing and status games much, and in some bizarre stroke of luck, have managed to do so up to this day. The people in the security community I spend time with are genuinely interested in the technical challenges, genuinely curious, and usually do not care about the posturing part. The posturing may happen at industry conferences, but I tend to not notice - the technically interesting talks tend to adhere to substance-over-style, and the rest is as relevant to me as big advertisements for broken content inspection appliances.<br />
<br />
All I want to say with this section is: I do not know how I managed to avoid experiencing the bad sides of the security community much. Some of it was luck, some of it was instinct. There are plenty of things I find annoying about the security community (but that is for another post :-), but in my day-to-day life, I don't experience much of it. If you are in security, and feel that the community is elitist or demeaning to people learning, I hope you succeed in seeking out the (many) people I encountered that were happy to share, explain, and just jointly nerd out on something. Feel free to reach out any time.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
On building vs. breaking</h4>
<div>
I quite often hear the phrase "I quit security and I am much happier building instead of breaking things". This is a normal sentiment - but for me, security was never about "just" breaking things. Tooling was always inadeqate, workflows horribly labour-intensive, and problems were always tackled on the lowest level of abstraction, missing the forest for the trees.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In my reverse engineering classes, I always encourage people to be tool builders. Most of security work today is akin to digging trenches with chopsticks. Invest in designing and building shovels. Perhaps we will even get a bulldozer in my lifetime. Slowly but surely, the industry is changing in that direction: Microsoft is commercializing SAGE, no code auditor is more productive (even though more in-depth) than a farm of computers running AFL - but the discrepancy between the quality and quantity of tools that developers have available vs. the tools that security review has available is still vast.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
I like my work most when I can cycle through building / breaking phases: Try to break something, notice how insanely badly the tooling is, cycle through an iteration of tool development, return to the breaking etc.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
I realize this isn't the path for everybody, but I don't think that security is "always just about breaking". The most persistent person gets bored of chopstick-trench-digging. Invest in tooling. Being a better developer makes you a better hacker. And perhaps you like building more than breaking, and I can't fault you for that.<br />
<br />
My friend Sören happens to be one of the best C++ developers I know. When we first met in undergraduate math class, I described what I do for a living to him (reading code for subtle mistakes), and he said "that sounds like one of the worst imaginable jobs ever". He is a builder, and I have nothing but admiration and respect for him - and from the builder's perspective, his assessment is right.<br />
<br />
I still like finding subtle bugs. To paraphrase another person who I respect a lot: "People still search for new stuff in Shakespeare hundreds of years later".<br />
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Using security as an excuse for broad learning</h4>
<div>
I once read that "cryptography gathers many very different areas of mathematics like a focal lens". The same is very true of security and computer science. Security happens at the boundaries between layers, and I have used working in security as an excuse to learn about as many layers as possible: Low-level assembly, high-level stuff on formal verification, and even electrical engineering problems and their implications on security. </div>
<div>
People talk about "full stack engineers" a lot; security allows me to roam the full stack of abstractions in computer science without guilt. All layers are relevant for security, all layers are interesting in their own right, and each layer has it's own funny quirks.<br />
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Summary</h4>
<div>
Given the length of this blog post, it is evident that I have asked myself the question "why do I do this" many times. And I have thought about devoting attention to other things often enough. Who knows, I am 35, so I have about 30 years of professional activity ahead of me - which may be enough to fail in one or two other fields before returning to give grandfather-security keynotes. :-)<br />
<br />
But right now, I am actually enjoying having my hands dirty and thinking about heap layout for the first time in years.</div>
</div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-85290183995860328832016-09-03T08:48:00.000-07:002016-09-03T08:48:53.813-07:00Essays about management in large(r) organisations (1): Process and flexibility<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 16pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even though I often profess that my primary interests are technical, by this point in my life I have been exposed to a variety of different organisations and management styles: From the self-organizing chaos of the 1996-2002 cracking/hacking groups, through the small engineering-centric startup zynamics, via the various organisations (both governmental and industry) I consulted for at some point, to the large (but nonetheless engineering-centric) culture at Google.</span></h3>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I enjoy thinking about organisations - their structure, how information flows, their strengths and dysfunctions. Part of it may be the influence of my father (who wrote extensively on matrix organisations, but also on organisations that fail); the other part is certainly the recognition that both company culture and organisational culture </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">matter</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. In any organisation, setting the culture and organisational structure - and keeping it healthy - is paramount, and probably the key element that will allow long-term success. Ignore culture and organisation structure (both explicit and implicit) at your peril.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I had a lot of time to think in the last year, so in the coming months I will write a few posts / essays about company culture and management. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The first post is about organisational processes - why they are important, but also how they can take on a life of their own and strangle flexibility.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A technical anecdote to start with</span></h4>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In early 2004, the first prototype of BinDiff started to work properly - just when Microsoft released MS04-001: A series of amusing little memory corruptions inside the H.323 parsing component of Microsoft ISA server (a now-discontinued firewall product). Using BinDiff on the patch, it was evident that the problems were inside the ASN.1 PER parsing routines in a central library - but instead of fixing the library, the patch fixed the issue inside ISA server. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The patch fixed only one exploit path, but the actual vulnerability was still there. This meant that any other program using the same library remained vulnerable, and the patch had now effectively disclosed the security issue. I started searching for other applications that used this library. The first program I found which was also affected by this vulnerability was Netmeeting - Microsoft had inadvertently given a remote code execution bug in Netmeeting to everybody. It wasn't until MS04-011, at some point in April, that this vulnerability got fixed in the correct place -- the library.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The technical details of the bug are not terribly interesting - what </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> interesting is what the mistake revealed about flaws in Microsoft’s organisational structure, and how they reacted to the bug report.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What could we deduce/learn/extrapolate from this event? </span></h4>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bug reports were likely routed to the product teams - e.g. if a bug is reported in your product, the bug report is routed to you. </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Responsibility for fixing a bug appears to lie with the product teams (see above), and teams are incentivized (either directly or indirectly through feature deadlines etc.) to get bug reports “off their desk” quickly.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patching shared central code is harder than patching code you own (for various reasons - perhaps compatibility concerns, other priorities from other teams, or perhaps even a heavyweight process to ask for changes in critical code). </span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What likely happened is that the ISA team decided that dealing with the issue on their side is enough - either because they did not realize that the same issue will affect others, or because dealing with the other team / the library is a pain, or for some other unknown reason. Microsoft’s bug fixing process incentivized “shallow” fixes, so for attackers, finding the ultimate root cause of a vulnerability could expose other vulnerable programs.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is a classical example of making a locally convenient decision that adversely affects the larger organisation. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From what I heard, Microsoft learned from this event and made organisational changes to prevent similar mistakes in the future. They introduced a process where all patches are reviewed centrally before they go out to ensure that they don't inadvertently fix a bug in the wrong spot, or disclose a vulnerability elsewhere.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Processes as organisational learning</span></h4>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In what an MBA would call ‘organisational learning’, a process was created out of the experience with a previous failure in order to prevent the mistake from happening again. A process is somewhat similar to organisational scar tissue - the organisation hurt itself, and to prevent such injury in the future, the process is established.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surprisingly, most organisations establish processes without documenting explicitly what sort of failure and what sort of incident caused the process to be established. This knowledge usually only lives in the heads of individuals that were there, or in the folklore of those that talked to those that were there. After a half a decade or so, nobody remembers the original incident - although the process will be </span><a href="https://erikbuys.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/cultural-acquisition-of-a-specific-learned-response-among-rhesus-monkeys-gordon-r-stephenson.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">alive</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><a href="https://erikbuys.wordpress.com/tag/cultural-acquisition-of-a-specific-learned-response-among-rhesus-monkeys-pdf/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kicking</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A process can prevent an organisation from doing something stupid repeatedly - but all too often, the process takes on a life of its own: People start applying the process blindly, and in the hands of an overly-literally-minded person, the process becomes an obstacle to productivity or efficiency. The person in charge of applying and enforcing the process may themselves not know why it is there - just that it is "the process", and that bad things can happen when one doesn't follow it.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">My grandfather used to say (I will paraphrase) : "a job with responsibility is a job where you don’t simply apply the rules, but need to make judgements about how and where to make exceptions". This quote carries an important truth: </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">People at all places in an organisation need to be ...</span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Empowered to make exceptions: </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">After demonstrating sound judgement, people need to feel empowered to make exceptions when the letter of a process gets in the way of the greater good and changing the process would be excessive (for example, in a one-off situation).</span></div>
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</ol>
<ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Empowered to challenge processes: </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">The reasoning behind a process must to be accessible to organisation members, and there needs to be a (relatively pain-free) method to propose changing the process. Since powerlessness is one of the main drivers of occupational burnout, this will help keep individuals and the organisational structure healthy.</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some organisations get the “exception” part right - most big organisations only function because people are regularly willing to bend / twist / ignore processes. Very, very few organisations get the “challenge” part right-- making sure that every employee knows and understands that processes are in the service of the company, and that improvements to </span><a href="http://www.chesterton.org/taking-a-fence-down/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">processes are welcome</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I think that the failure to achieve the challenge-process frequently arises due to "lack of institutional memory". When organisations fail to keep track of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">why</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a process was created, all sorts of harmful side-effects arise:</span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nobody can meaningfully judge the spirit of the process - what was it designed to prevent?</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Making an exception to the process is riskier - if you do not know what it was designed to prevent, how can you know that in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">this</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> particular case that risk does not apply?</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amending the process becomes riskier. (Same reason as above.)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Challenging the process cannot happen in a decentralized / bottom-up fashion: It is often the most junior employees who may have the freshest eyes for obstructive processes - but since they do not know the history of why the processes exists, they often can't effectively propose a change since they don’t know the organisation well enough to rule out unwanted side-effects. This directly sabotages decentralised, bottom-up improvements of workflows.</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is a healthy way to deal with processes?</span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Realize that they are a form of “organisational memory”: They are often formed as reaction to some unpleasant event - with the intent of preventing this event from repeating. It is also important to realize that unchecked and unchallenged processes can become organisational “scar tissue” - more hindrance than help. </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Keep track of the exact motivation for creating each process -- the “why”. This will involve writing half a page or more, and checking with others involved in the creation of the process that the description is accurate and understandable.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The motivations behind the process should be accessible to everybody affected by it.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Everybody should know that company processes are supposed to support, not hinder, getting work done. Everybody should feel empowered to suggest changes in a process - ideally while addressing why these changes will not lead to a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chesterton%27s_fence" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">repeat of the problem</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the process was designed to prevent. </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">People should be empowered to deviate from the process or ignore it - but frequent or even infrequent-but-recurring exceptions are a red flag that the process needs to be improved. Don't accumulate "legacy process" and "organisational debt" through the mechanism of exception-granting.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Everybody should be aware that keeping processes functional and lean is crucial to keeping the organisation healthy. Even if a process is unreasonable and obstructive, most people instinctively try to accept it - but the first instinct should ideally be to change it for the better. Constructively challenging a broken process is a service to the organisation, not an attack.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It may be sensible to treat processes a bit like code - complete with ownership of the relevant process, and version control, and handover of process ownership when people change jobs. Amendments to processes can then be submitted as text, reviewed by the process owner, discussed, and eventually approved - much like a patch or removal of dead code. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Keeping an organisation healthy is hard. The most crucial ingredient to keeping it healthy, though, is that the members of the organisation </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">care</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to keep it healthy. Therefore it is absolutely critical to encourage fixing the organisation when something is broken - and to not discourage people into "blindly following the process".</span></div>
<br /><br /><br /></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-39846570139990189452016-01-27T01:23:00.002-08:002016-01-27T01:23:30.281-08:00An attempt at fixing Wassenaar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Last year in May, I <a href="http://addxorrol.blogspot.de/2015/05/why-changes-to-wassenaar-make.html">wrote extensively</a> about the many ways in which the 2013 "intrusion software" amendments to the Wassenaar Arrangement were broken and downright dangerous to all efforts at security the global IT infrastructure. Since then, the debate has heated up from all sides -- extending to a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVIDHorvAVk">hearing</a> in front of US congress (which was pretty unanimous in condemning these amendments), but also including voices such as James Bamford arguing <a href="http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/22/the-espionage-economy/">for these controls</a> in an op-ed. The landscape of the discussion is too complex now to be summarized here (the interested reader can find a partial survey of recent developments <a href="https://cihr.eu/export-controls-policy-paper/">here</a>).<br />
<br />
Common ground between the different sides of the discussion is not large, but the thing that almost everybody agrees to is "it is bad when despotic regimes that couldn't otherwise get advanced surveillance software purchase sophisticated surveillance software from abroad". How to prevent this is up for discussion, and it is unclear whether export control (and specificially the Wassenaar Arrangement) is the right tool for the task.<br />
<br />
To find out whether the export control language can be made to work, my colleagues Mara Tam and Vincenzo Iozzo and me have worked jointly and tried to come up with an amendment to the language of the Wassenaar Arrangement that would satisfy the following criteria:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Make sure that click-and-play surveillance frameworks such as the ones marketed by HackingTeam or Gamma are caught and controlled.</li>
<li>Make sure that no technology that is required for defending networks (including bugs, proof-of-concept exploits, network scanners etc.) is caught and controlled.</li>
</ul>
<div>
In order to achieve this, we had to depart from the "traditional" Wassenaar language (that is focused on performance metrics and technical properties) and include much greater emphasis on "intent" and especially "informed consent by the user". We draw the line between good and bad if the <b><i>design intent of the software in question is to be used against people that did not consent</i></b>.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
As of today, we are circulating our draft more widely. We are not 100% sure that our language achieves what we want to achieve, and we are not even sure whether what we want to achieve can be achieved within the language of export control -- but we have made a very thorough effort at testing our language against all scenarios we could come up with, and it worked well.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We are hoping that by circulating our proposal we can somewhat de-polarize the discussion and attempt to find a middle ground that everybody can be happy with -- or, failing that, to show that even with a lot of effort the 2013 amendments may end up being unfixable.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Anyhow, if you are interested in our document, you can download it <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5hBKwgSgYFaN2xHUkdIYWN2Mnc/view?usp=sharing">here</a>. As we get more feedback, the document will be updated and replaced with newer versions.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-54349030383023115972015-12-22T14:38:00.003-08:002015-12-22T14:38:55.559-08:00Open-Source BinNavi ... and fREedom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
One of the cool things that my former zynamics colleagues (now at Google) did was the open-sourcing of BinNavi - a tool that I used to blog about quite frequently in the old days (<a href="http://addxorrol.blogspot.de/2007/01/one-of-most-amusing-new-features-of.html">here</a> for example when it came to debugging old ScreenOS devices, or <a href="http://blog.zynamics.com/category/binnavi/">here</a> for much more - kernel debugging, REIL etc.).<br />
<br />
BinNavi is a GUI / IDE for performing multi-user reverse engineering, debugging, and code analysis. BinNavi allows the interactive exploration and annotation of disassemblies, displayed as browsable, clickable, and searchable graphs - based on a disassembly read from a PostgreSQL database, which can, in theory, be written by any other engine.<br />
<br />
Writing UIs is hard work, and while there are many very impressive open-source reverse engineering tools around (<a href="http://radare.org/r/">Radare</a> comes to mind first, but there are many others), the UI is often not very pretty - or convenient. My hope is that BinNavi can become the "default UI" to a plethora of open-source reverse engineering tools, and grow to realize it's full potential as "the open-source reverse engineering IDE".<br />
<br />
One of the biggest obstacles to BinNavi becoming more widely adopted is the fact that IDA is the only "data source" for BinNavi - e.g. while BinNavi is FOSS, somebody that wishes to start reverse engineering still needs IDA to fill the Postgres database with disassembly.<br />
<br />
To remedy this situation, Dave Aitel put up a <a href="http://seclists.org/dailydave/2015/q3/23">contest</a>: Anybody that either builds a Capstone-to-BinNavi-SQL-bridge or that adds decompilation as a feature to BinNavi gets free tickets to <a href="http://infiltratecon.com/">INFILTRATE</a> 2016.<br />
<br />
Last week <a href="https://twitter.com/sk3wl">Chris Eagle</a> published <a href="https://github.com/cseagle/fREedom">fREedom</a>, a Python-based tool to disassemble x86 and x86_64 programs in the form of PE32, PE32+, and ELF files. This is pretty awesome - because it means that BinNavi moves much closer to being usable without any non-free tools.<br />
<br />
In this blog post, I will post some first impressions, observations, and screenshots of fREedom in action.<br />
<br />
My first test file is putty.exe (91b21fffe934d856c43e35a388c78fccce7471ea) - a relatively small Win32 PE file, with about ~1800 functions when disassembled in IDA.<br />
<br />
Let's look at the first function:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGwh9dhP2ebCvGa1guf_9eBl610BfN6t2gugCeFXmuYV6YEuhkQIs7lYWyYz2xDYDmchjJLkgHvCRi3XumALPRQ_ylpQbFRkmVW1NDih13O6Im19VmX4yIbTSjbu9htfsnbV6D/s1600/first_putty_func.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGwh9dhP2ebCvGa1guf_9eBl610BfN6t2gugCeFXmuYV6YEuhkQIs7lYWyYz2xDYDmchjJLkgHvCRi3XumALPRQ_ylpQbFRkmVW1NDih13O6Im19VmX4yIbTSjbu9htfsnbV6D/s640/first_putty_func.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: IDA's disassembly output. Right: fREedom's disassembly output</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
So disassembly, CFG building etc. has worked nicely. Multi-user commenting works as expected, as does translation to REIL. Callgraph browsing works, too:<div>
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLbjGScNU9fHlJ9v5uU0j9OXVhFw0Ufvld9MTVt5bc7x1O2e5J3mIBJ7S0gatHpqoZUvmb0GMrWq0OJg3Onj-PEb213OiR3ByUK1irv-AWNh7LFtllJwkKW0xSxnoZCKqwEHVc/s1600/Screenshot+from+2015-12-22+22-13-20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLbjGScNU9fHlJ9v5uU0j9OXVhFw0Ufvld9MTVt5bc7x1O2e5J3mIBJ7S0gatHpqoZUvmb0GMrWq0OJg3Onj-PEb213OiR3ByUK1irv-AWNh7LFtllJwkKW0xSxnoZCKqwEHVc/s640/Screenshot+from+2015-12-22+22-13-20.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /><div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The great thing about having fREedom to start from is that further improvements can be incremental and layered - people have something good to work from now :-) So what is missing / needs to come next? </div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>fREedom: Function entry point recognition is still relatively poor - out of the ~1800 functions that IDA recognizes in putty, only 430 or so are found. This seems like an excellent target for one of those classical "using Python and some machine learning to do XYZ" blog posts.</li>
<li>fREedom: The CFG reconstruction and disassembly needs to be put through it's paces on big and harder executables.</li>
<li>BinNavi: Stack frame information should be reconstructed - but not by fREedom, but within BinNavi (and via REIL). This will require digging into (and documenting) the powerful-but-obscure type system design.</li>
<li>BinNavi: There has been some bitrot in many areas of BinNavi since 2011 - platforms change, systems change, and there are quite some areas that are somewhat broken or need updating (for example debugging on x64 etc.). Time to brush off the dust :-)</li>
</ol>
<div>
Personally, I am both super happy and pretty psyched about fREedom + BinNavi, and I hope that the two can be fully integrated so that BinNavi always has fREedom as default disassembly backend.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-24004399599185653652015-12-16T07:28:00.003-08:002015-12-16T07:28:21.950-08:00A decisionmaker's guide to buying security appliances and gateways<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
With the prevalence of targeted "APT-style" attacks and the business risks of data breaches reaching the board level, the market for "security appliances" is as hot as it has ever been. Many organisations feel the need to beef up their security - and vendors of security appliances offer a plethora of content-inspection / email-security / anti-APT appliances, along with glossy marketing brochures full of impressive-sounding claims.<br />
<br />
Decisionmakers often compare the offerings on criteria such as easy integration with existing systems, manageability, false-positive-rate etc. Unfortunately, they often don't have enough data to answer the question "will installing this appliance make my network more or less secure?".<br />
<br />
Most security appliances are Linux-based, and use a rather large number of open-source libraries to parse the untrusted data stream which they are inspecting. These libraries, along with the proprietary code by the vendor, form the "attack surface" of the appliance, e.g. the code that is exposed to an outside attacker looking to attack the appliance. All security appliances require a privileged position on the network - a position where all or most incoming and outgoing traffic can be seen. This means that vulnerabilities within security appliances give an attacker a particularly privileged position - and implies that the security of the appliance itself is rather important.<br />
<br />
Installing an insecure appliance will make your network less secure instead of safer. If best engineering practices are not followed by the vendor, a mistake in any of the libraries parsing the incoming data will compromise the entire appliance.<br />
<br />
How can you decide whether an appliance is secure or not? Performing an in-depth third-party security assessment of the appliance may be impractical for financial, legal, and organisational reasons.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Five questions to ask the vendor of a security appliance</h3>
<br />
In the absence of such an assessment, there are a few questions you should ask the vendor prior to making a purchasing decision:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>What third-party libraries interact directly with the incoming data, and what are the processes to react to security issues published in these libraries?</li>
<li>Are all these third-party libraries sandboxed in a sandbox that is recognized as industry-standard? The sandbox Google uses in Chrome and Adobe uses in Acrobat Reader is open-source and has undergone a lot of scrutiny, so have the isolation features of KVM and qemu. Are any third-party libraries running outside of a sandbox or an internal virtualization environment? If so, why, and what is the timeline to address this?</li>
<li>How much of the proprietary code which directly interacts with the incoming data runs outside of a sandbox? To what extent has this code been security-reviewed?</li>
<li>Is the vendor willing to provide a hard disk image for a basic assessment by a third-party security consultancy? Misconfigured permissions that allow privilege escalation happen all-too often, so basic permissions lockdown should have happened on the appliance.</li>
<li>In the case of a breach in your company, what is the process through which your forensics team can acquire memory images and hard disk images from the appliance?</li>
</ol>
<div>
A vendor that takes their product quality (and hence your data security) seriously will be able to answer these questions, and will be able to confidently state that all third-party parsers and a large fraction of their proprietary code runs sandboxed or virtualized, and that the configuration of the machine has been reasonably locked down - and will be willing to provide evidence for this (for example a disk image or virtual appliance along with permission to inspect).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Why am I qualified to write this?</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
From 2004 to 2011 I was CEO of a security company called zynamics that was acquired by Google in 2011. Among other things, we used to sell a security appliance that inspected untrusted malware. I know the technical side involved with building such an appliance, and I understand the business needs of both customers and vendors. I also know quite a bit about the process of finding and exploiting vulnerabilities, having worked in that area since 2000.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Our appliance at the time was Debian-based - and the complex processing of incoming malware happened inside either memory-safe languages or inside a locked-down virtualized environment (emulator), inside a reasonably locked-down Linux machine. This does not mean that we never had security issues (we had XSS problems at one point where strings extracted from the malware could be used to inject into the Web UI etc.) - but we made a reasonable effort to adhere to best engineering practices available to keep the box secure. Security problems happen, but mitigating their impact is not rocket science - good, robust, and free software exists that can sandbox code, and the engineering effort to implement such mitigations is not excessive.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
Bonus questions for particularly good vendors</h3>
<div>
If your vendor can answer the 5 questions above in a satisfactory way, his performance is already head-and-shoulders above the industry average. If you wish to further encourage the vendor to be proactive about your data security, you can ask the following "bonus questions":</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Has the vendor considered moving the Linux on their appliance to GRSec in order to make privilege escalations harder?</li>
<li>Does the vendor publish hashes of the packages they install on the appliance so in case of a forensic investigation it is easy to verify that the attacker has not replaced some?</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-52154852046404173772015-05-25T09:11:00.002-07:002015-05-25T11:13:05.334-07:00Why changes to Wassenaar make oppression and surveillance easier, not harder<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Warning to EU readers: EU writing culture lays out arguments to draw a strong statement as conclusion, US writing culture seems to prefer a strong statement up front, followed by the arguments. This article follows US convention.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Adding exploits to Wassenaar was a mistake if you care about security</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The addition of exploits to the Wassenaar arrangement is an egregious mistake for anyone that cares about a more secure and less surveilled Internet. The negative knock-on effects of the agreement include, but are not limited to, the following list:</div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">It provides governments with a massive coercive tool to control public security research and disadvantage non-military security research. This coercive power need not be exercised in order to chill public research and vulnerability disclosure.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It tilts the incentive structure strongly in favor of providing all exploits to your host government, and makes disclosure or collaborative research across national boundaries risky</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It provides a way to prohibit security researchers from disseminating attack tools uncovered on compromised machines.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It risks fragmenting, balkanizing, and ultimately militarizing the currently existing public security research community.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The intention of those that supported the amendment to Wassenaar was to protect freedom of expression and privacy worldwide; unfortunately, their implementation achieved almost the exact opposite. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
With friends of such competence, freedom does not need enemies. The changes to Wassenaar need to be repealed, along with their national implementations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A pyrrhic victory with unintended consequences</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In December 2013, activists worldwide celebrated a big success: Intrusion Software was added to the list of technologies regulated by the Wassenaar Arrangement. In the cyber activist community, people rejoiced: Finally, the people they call "cyber arms dealers" would no longer be able to act with impunity. Oppressive regimes would no longer be able to buy the software that they use for mass surveillance and repression. A victory for freedom and democracy, no doubt.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Unfortunately, the changes to the regulation have horrible knock-on effects for security research, privacy, and society at large. The change to the Wassenaar Arrangement achieves the exact opposite of what it was intended to do.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The difficulties of being a security researcher</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
To discuss the many ways in which this regulation is flawed requires some background on the difficulties faced by security researchers worldwide:<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Security research is an activity fraught with many difficulties. There are few historical precedents where a talented 20-year old can accidentally conceive a method capable of intruding into and exfiltrating information out of hundreds of well-fortified institutions. The best (if very cheesy) analogy I can come up with that explains the difficulties of young researchers are the X-Men comic books -- where teenagers discover that they have a special ability, and are suddenly thrust into a much bigger conflict that they have to navigate. One week you're sitting in your room doing something technically interesting, a few weeks later people in coffee shops or trains may strike up a conversation with you, trying to convince you that government X is evil or that they could really be helpful fighting terrorist organisation Y.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Security researchers face a fundamental problem: In order to prove exploitability, and in order to be 100% sure that they are not crying wolf, they need to demonstrate beyond any doubt that an attack is indeed possible and reliable. This means that the researcher needs to build something that is reliable enough to be dangerous.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Once successful, the researcher is in a very difficult spot -- with no evident winning move. What should he/she do with the exploit and the vulnerability?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Different people will posit different things as "the right behavior" at this point. Most people argue the researcher should provide the vulnerability (and sometimes the exploit) to the software vendor as quickly as possible, so that the vulnerability can be fixed. This often comes with risk -- for many closed-source programs, the researcher had to violate the EULA to find the vulnerability, and many vendors perceive vulnerability reports as attention-seeking at best and blackmail at worst. In the best case, reporting simply involves some extra work that will not be compensated, in the worst case the researcher will face legal and/or extralegal threats by the party he/she is reporting the vulnerability to.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After the researcher hands over the vulnerability and exploit, he/she is often made to wait for many months -- wondering if the people he provided his code to will fix the issue as swiftly as possible -- or if they are silently passing on information to third parties. In many cases, he/she will receive little more than a handshake and a "thank you" for his efforts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the same time, various parties are likely to offer him money for the vulnerability and the exploit -- along with a vague promise/assurance that it will only used for "lawful purposes". Given the acrobatics and risks that responsible disclosure carries, it is unsurprising that this offer is tempting. Anything is better than "legal risk with no reward".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Partly to alleviate this imbalance, more mature vendors have begun introducing bug bounties -- small payments that are meant to encourage disclosing the bug to the vendor. The sums are smaller than in the grey market, but -- by and large -- enough to compensate for the time spent and to offer the researcher positive recognition. Talented researchers can scrape out a living from these bounties.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Security researchers are in an odd position: In order to check the validity of their work, they need to create something with the inherent potential for harm. Once the work is shown to be valid, the result becomes the object of desire of many different military and intelligence organisations which, given the general scarcity of "cyber talent", would love to get these researchers to cooperate with them. The software industry has grudgingly accepted the existence of the researchers, and the more mature players in that industry have understood the value of their contributions and tried to re-shape the playing field so that getting security issues reported and fixed is incentivized.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The researcher has to balance a lot of difficult ethical deliberations -- should the exploit be sent to the vendor? Can the people that wish to buy the exploit on the grey market be trusted when they claim that the exploit will save lives as it will be used to prevent terrorist strikes? What is a reasonable timeframe for a vendor to fix the issue? Can disclosure accelerate the process of producing a fix and thus close the window of opportunity for the attacker more quickly? Is fixing the issue even desirable?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There are no 100% simple answers to any of the above questions -- each one of them involves a long and difficult debate, where reasonable people can disagree depending on the exact circumstances.</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Adding exploits to Wassenaar, and shoddily crafted regulation</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Wassenaar Arrangement is not a law by itself -- it is an agreement by the participating countries to pass legislation in accordance with the Wassenaar Arrangement, which then stipulates that "export licenses" have to be granted by governments before technology listed in the agreement can be exported.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
From an engineering perspective, it is good to think of Wassenaar as a "reference implementation" of a law -- different legal systems may have to adapt slightly different wording, but their implementation will be guided by the text of the arrangement. The most damaging section in the new version reads as follows:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Intrusion software:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"Software" specially designed or modified to avoid detection by 'monitoring tools', or to defeat 'protective countermeasures', of a computer or network capable device, and performing any of the following:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a. The extraction of data or information, from a computer or network capable device, or the modification of system or user data; or</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. The modification of the standard execution path of a program or process in order to allow the execution of externally provided instructions.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This formulation is extremely broad -- any proof-of-concept exploit that defeats ASLR or a stack canary (or anything else for that matter) and achieves code execution falls under this definition. Even worse -- by using a formulation such as "standard execution path" without properly defining how this should be interpreted, it casts a shadow of uncertainty over all experimentation with software. Nobody can confidently state that he knows how this will be interpreted in practice.</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Legal uncertainty and coercive power to nation states</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Legal uncertainty is almost always to the benefit of the powerful. Selective enforcement of vague laws that criminalize common behavior is a time-honored technique -- perhaps best embodied in Beria's famous statement "Find me the man and I will find you the crime".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The principle is simple: As long as a person conforms to the expectations of society and the powerful, the laws are not stringently applied -- but as soon as the person decides to challenge the status quo or not cooperate with the instruments of power, the laws are applied with full force.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I live in Switzerland. Most other security researchers that I like to collaborate with are spread out all over the world, and I routinely travel accross international borders. Occasionally, I carry working exploits with me -- I have to do this if I wish to collaborate with other researchers, discuss new discoveries, or perform investigations into reliable methods of exploitation. Aside from the physical crossing of borders, it is routine to work jointly on a shared code repository accross borders and timezones.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The newly created legal situation criminalizes this behavior. It puts me personally at huge risk -- and gives local governments a huge coercive tool to make me hand over any information about zero-day I may find ahead of time: If I do not apply for an export license before visiting another researcher in Germany or France or the US, I will be breaking export control regulations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The cyber activists that celebrated Wassenaar have mainly made sure that every security researcher that regularly leaves his country to collaborate with others can be coerced into cooperation with their host government easily. They have made it easier for all governments to obtain tools for surveillance and oppression, not harder.</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A story of Elbonia and Wassenaar</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Let us imagine a young researcher Bob in a country named Elbonia. Elbonia happens to be a Wassenaar member, and otherwise mostly under the rule of law with comparatively solid institutions. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bob finds a number of vulnerabilities in a commonly used browser. He reports these to the vendor in the US, and the vendor publishes fixes and awards bug bounties.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The domestic intelligence service of Elbonia has a thorny problem on the counterterrorism side -- separatists from one of their provinces have repeatedly detonated bombs in the last years. The intelligence service could really use some good exploits to tackle this. Unfortunately, they have had difficulties hiring in recent years, and they do not have the tooling or expertise -- but they do see the security bulletins and the bug bounties awarded to Bob.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
They decide to have a coffee with Bob -- who does not want to work with the intelligence service and would prefer to get the problems fixed as quickly as possible. The friendly gentlemen from the service then explain to the researcher that he has been breaking the law, and that it would be quite unfortunate if this led to any problems for him -- but that it would be easy to get permission for future exports, provided that a three-month waiting period is observed in which the Elbonian intelligence service gets to use the exploits for protecting the national security and territorial integrity of Elbonia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
What would the researcher do?</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Balkanising and nationalising an international research community</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The international security research community has greatly contributed to our understanding of computer security over the last 20+ years. Highly international speaker line-ups are the norm, and cooperation between people from different nations and continents is the norm rather than the exception. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The criminalization of exporting exploits risks balkanising and nationalising what is currently a thriving community whose public discussion of security issues and methods for exploitation benefits everybody.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The implementation of Wassenaar makes it much easier and less risky to provide all exploitable bugs and associated exploits to the government of the country you reside in than to do any of the following:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>report the vulnerability to a vendor and provide a proof-of-concept exploit</li>
<li>perform full disclosure by publishing an exploit in order to force a fix and alert the world of the problem</li>
<li>collaborate with a researcher outside of your home country in order to advance the state of our understanding of exploitation and security</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Wassenaar heavily tilts the table toward "just sell the exploit to your host government".</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Making "defense" contractors the natural place to do security research</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
With the increased risk to the individual conducting research, and a fragmentation of the international research community, what becomes the natural place for a security researcher to go to pursue his interest? What employer is usually on great terms with his host government, and can afford to employ a significant number of other researchers with the same nationality?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The changes to Wassenaar make sure that security researchers, which in the past few years have been recruited in large numbers into large, private-sector and consumer-facing companies, will have much less attractive prospects outside of the military-industrial complex. A company that does not separate people by nationality internally and is unused to heavy classification and compartmentalisation will simply not want to run the risk of violating export-control rules -- which means that the interesting jobs will be offered by the same contracting firms that dominate the manufacturing of arms. These companies are much less interested in the security of the global computing infrastructure -- their business model is to sell the best method of knocking out civilian and military infrastructure of their opponents.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Will the business of the defense contractors be impacted? This is highly doubtful -- the most likely scenario is that host governments for defense contractors will grant export licenses, provided that the exploits in question are also provided to the host government. The local military can then defend their systems while keeping everybody else vulnerable -- while keeping good export statistics and "protecting Elbonian jobs".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Everybody that cares about having more secure systems loses in this scenario.</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Weakening defensive analysis</h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The list of knock-on effects that negatively affect the security of the Internet can be extended almost arbitrarily. The changed regulation also threatens to re-balance the scales to make the public analysis of surveillance and espionage toolkits harder and riskier.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The last few years have seen a proliferation of activist-led analysis of commercial surveillance tools and exploit chains -- publicly accessible analysis reports that disassemble and dissect the latest government-level rootkit have become a regular occurrence. This has, no doubt, compromised more than one running intelligence-gathering operation, and in general caused a lot of pain and cost on the side of the attackers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Some implants / rootkits / attack frameworks came packaged with a stack of previously-unknown vulnerabilities, and most came with some sort of packaged exploit.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It is very common for international groups of researchers to circulate and distribute samples of both the attack frameworks and the exploits for analysis. Quick dissemination of the files and the exploits they contain is necessary so that the public can understand the way they work and thus make informed decisions about the risks and capabilities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Unfortunately, sending a sample of an attack framework to a researcher in another country is at risk of being made illegal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
On export controls and their role in protecting privacy and liberty</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
There is a particular aspect in the lobbying for adding exploits to Wassenaar that I personally have a very hard time understanding: How did anyone convince himself that the amendmends to Wassenaar were a good idea, or that export control would be helpful in preventing surveillance?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Any closer inspection of the agreement and the related history will bring to light that it was consistently used in the past to restrict the export of encryption -- as you can read <a href="http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1264&context=auilr">here</a>, Wassenaar restricted export of any mass-market encryption with key sizes in excess of 64 bits in the late 1990s. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Everybody with any understanding of the cryptographic history knows that export licenses were used as a coercive mechanism by governments to enhance their surveillance ability -- "you can get an export license if you do key escrow, or if you leak a few key bits here and there in the ciphertext". To this day, security of millions of systems is regularly threatened by the remains of "export-grade encryption".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Even today, there are plenty of items on the Wassenaar restrictions list that would have great pro-privacy and anti-surveillance implications -- like encrypted, frequency-hopping radios. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I have a difficult time understanding how anyone that claims to support freedom of expression and wishes to curb surveillance by governments would provide additional coercive power to governments, instead of advocating that encrypted, frequency-hopping radios should be freely exportable and available in places of heavy government surveillance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
Summary</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
While the goal of restricting intrusive surveillance by governments is laudable, the changes to Wassenaar threaten to achieve the opposite of their intent -- with detrimental side effects for everybody. The changes need to be repealed, and national implementations of these changes rolled back.<br />
<br />
(Thanks to all pre-reviewers for useful comments & suggestions :-) </div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-91767984259062598852014-01-13T13:49:00.000-08:002014-01-13T13:49:03.350-08:00Full-packet-capture society - and how to avoid it<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After my <a href="http://addxorrol.blogspot.de/2014/01/why-intelligence-reform-is-necessary.html">previous post on the need for intelligence reform</a>, this post discusses a concrete policy recommendation - but before that, I will describe what is at stake.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I see our world on a trajectory into a dystopian future that is frightening and undesirable. Technological progress is deeply transforming our societies, and while most of it is for the better, we need to step back occasionally and look at the bigger picture.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Storage costs are on a steep downward curve, similar to CPU costs - except that the end of Kryder's Law (the storage equivalent of Moore's law) is not in sight yet. Kryder's conservative forecast in 2009 estimated that a zetabyte of storage will cost about 2.8 billion USD by 2020. Extrapolating that prices will halve roughly every two years, this means that a zetabyte might be as cheap as 100 million USD sometime between 2030 and 2040.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
All human speech ever spoken, sampled at 16 khz audio, is estimated to be roughly 42 zetabytes. This means that by the time I reach retirement age, storage systems that can keep a full audio transcript of <b>everything</b> humanity has said in the last 10 years will be within the reach of many larger nation states. Perhaps I will live long enough to get CD quality, too. Impressive, but also terrifying.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A future where every word ever spoken and every action ever taken is recorded somewhere will lead to a collapse of what we understand as freedom in society. There is good reason that both the east German StaSi and the KGB kept vast troves of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompromat">kompromat</a>" on anyone that showed political ambitions - such data was useful to discredit people that were politically active or to blackmail them into cooperation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The trouble with kompromat is, though, that nobody needs to actually use it, or threaten its use, for it to become an effective deterrent to political activity. We can see this in western societies already: It is not uncommon for qualified and capable individuals to decide against standing in elections for fear of having their lives examined under a microscope. When everything you have ever done has been recorded, are you sure that none of it could be used to make you look bad?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
What about the famous "three felonies a day" that even well-meaning and law-abiding citizens run into?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Clapper's argument that "it isn't collection until you look at it" is disingenuous and dangerous. By this logic, vast files tracking people's lives in pedantic detail are not problematic until that data is retrieved from a filing cabinet and read by a human. Transporting his logic into East Germany of the early 80's, collecting excruciating detail about people's private lives was OK, it was only when the StaSi actively used this data that things went wrong.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The discussion whether phone metadata records should be held by the government or by private entities does not matter. Data should only be held for the period which is necessary to perform a task, and storing data in excess of this period without allowing people to view / edit / remove this data carries the implicit threat that this data may be used to harm you in the future. Involuntary mass retention of data is oppressive. And while checks and balances exist now, we cannot be sure how they hold up over time. Deleting the data is the only prudent choice.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Well-intentioned people can build highly oppressive systems, and not realize what they are doing. Erich Mielke, who had built the most oppressive security agency in living memory in order to protect "his" country from external and internal foes, famously said "but I love all people" in front of East German Parliament. He did not grasp the extent of the evil he had constructed and presided over.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nobody wants a full-packet-capture society. It is fundamentally at odds with freedom. Arbitrary collection and retention of data on people is a form of oppression.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Policy recommendation: A different form of SIGINT budget</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
How do we balance the need to protect our countries against terrorism and foreign aggression with the need for privacy and data deletion that is necessary to have functioning democracies and non-oppressive societies?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This question has been much-discussed in recent months, culminating in a <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/18/nsa-review-panel-report-document">set of recommendations</a> made by the panel of experts that the Obama administration had convened.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I agree with the principles set forth in the above-mentioned document, and with several of the recommendations. On the other hand, I feel that some of the recommendations focus too narrowly on the "how" of collection, rather than policing the overall end goal of avoiding mass surveillance. Regulations that are overly specific are often a combination of cumbersome-in-practice and easily-side-stepped -- properties you do not want from a law.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My personal recommendation is a different form of SIGINT budget: Aside from the monetary budget that Congress allots to the different intelligence agencies, a surveillance budget would be allotted, of a form similar to:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the fiscal year 2014, you are allowed to collect and retain data on [X number] citizens and [Y number] non-citizens for a year. Restrictions on the purposes of collection and retention of data still apply.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This budget could be publicly debated and would make sure that data collection is focused on the areas that truly matter, instead of rewarding SIGINT middle managers that try to improve their career trajectories by showing how much "more data" they can collect. The budget would be accounted for in "storage-hours" to create incentives for early deletion. People can get promoted by showing the ability to do the same work while retaining less data, or retaining the data for briefer periods.<br />
<br />
This may look similar in practice to the way cloud providers (like Amazon) charge for storage. The agencies get to store and keep data, but they get charged internally for this, daily or weekly. Retain too much data and your collection system runs out of budget - but you can free up budget by deleting old data. The overall budget is public, so the public can have a clear view of how much data is collected under <b>all</b> programs, instead of the undignified spectacle of "we do not collect this data under this program" non-denials.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The big trouble with sniffing internet traffic is that it is fundamentally addictive. You can see the spiral of escalation in almost every criminal hacking career. It is easy to underestimate that the same addictive property of data collection applies to organisations. Middle managers can shine by showing growth in collection, upper management can speak of "total domain dominance" and similar powerful-sounding words. Collection becomes an end by itself. By imposing hard limits on the number of people whose lives can be touched through surveillance, we make sure that our efforts are focused on the real problems -- and remain liberty-preserving.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If, for whatever reason, a SIGINT agencies runs out of "surveillance budget" in a given fiscal year, they can always ask Congress to grant an "emergency loan" - provided, of course, that this remains an exception.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Public budgeting and proper accounting of retained data, implemented in modern democracies, would give citizens a clean and understandable method to evaluate and discuss the extent of governmental data collection for national security, without introducing detailed micro-management-rules on the "how" of collection. It would provide a clear answer to "how much data are you actually keeping", and create strong incentives for early data deletion. It is not perfect, but it may be the cleanest way of achieving both the security and the privacy that a free society needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[Many people helped improve this article by proofreading it and offering helpful suggestions or interesting counterarguments. Aside from anonymous help, I have to thank Dave Aitel, Chris Eng, Vincenzo Iozzo, Felix Lindner, Window Snyder, Ralf-Philipp Weinmann and Peitr Zatko]</div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-4616602697840968712014-01-12T11:35:00.001-08:002014-01-12T11:35:22.696-08:00Why Intelligence Reform is necessary<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is the first part of a two-part blog post on the need for intelligence reform.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Why do I even feel entitled to an opinion?<br />
<br />
I have been dealing with the technical side of computer network attacks for more than 15 years, and have written exploits for about as long as the now-famous "tailored access operations" team inside NSA has existed. Many people consider me to be an expert on all things related to reverse engineering and exploitation. Through my work, I have had as much as exposure to government-organized hacking as you can have without getting a clearance. I understand this stuff, and as a firm believer in the ability of democracies to right themselves through informed debate, I feel the need to stray from my usual technical stomping grounds and talk about politics.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Over the years, I have met and talked with a number of people that used to work in, or close to, the intelligence community. I have found the vast majority of them to be conscientious, hard-working, idealistic (after all, pay in the government sector is often significantly below the private sector, so a sense of duty plays a large role), and overall good people. In political discussions, we had more commonalities than disagreements. Politically, while I am slightly left-of-center on many political questions, I am a defense and intelligence hawk (at least by European standards) - I do believe that intelligence agencies have a legitimate role to play in both foreign policy and counter-terrorism, and I am aware enough of the realities of international law that mean that countries that neglect their defense and intelligence organizations do so at their own peril.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the same time, having grown up in a country more heavily burdened by historical abuse of state security institutions than most, and in a region of the world where - in living memory - many countries lost 5-10%+ of their entire population in wars fueled by nationalist ideals, I am instinctively worried about concentrating excessive powers in state security institutions. I am also easily alarmed by nationalist thoughts and ideology.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Snowden revelations, but much more so the reactions to the Snowden revelations, have caused me to think about the implications of the technological changes we are in the midst of - for both society and surveillance. I conclude that our societies need a reform of the legal frameworks for signals intelligence in a digitized world - not only in the English-speaking countries, but also in all those countries that aspire to obtain the same capabilities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Policy ideas are always the result of a combination of practical considerations and personal ideology. In order to be transparent with my personal ideology, I should explain as much of it as possible before delving into my ideas for reform. To do this, I will address a few common arguments that I have encountered that express incredulity at the public outrage, and explain why I think the outrage is (partially) justified.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
"The Russians and Chinese are much worse, so where's the outrage about them?"</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
People are outraged at the disclosures about widespread espionage by English-speaking countries while they are not outraged by Russian or Chinese espionage because people expect different behavior from friends than from adversaries. Most of the world considers the English-speaking countries to be committed to principles of democracy, justice, and <i>fairness</i>. When dealing with them, these countries are treated as friends and allies. Nobody in central Europe for example is worried about a US invasion, while a faint fear of Russian invasion is never far away. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Expectations are different when it comes to Russia or China: These countries have such an abysmal record of human rights; such an abysmal record when it comes to questions of the rule of law that nobody expects anything from them. Russia is, for all purposes, treated as an aging and wounded bear, unpredictable but still dangerous. China is even compared to 1910-1914 Germany in the current issue of "The Economist", hardly a flattering comparison.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In short, it is entirely normal to expect different behavior from your friends than from your enemies or rivals. Having your apartment burgled by a known criminal gang is one thing, having your friend, whom you had over for dinner repeatedly, burgle your apartment, is a very different thing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
"We do not violate the privacy of our own citizens, and everything we do is outside our territory, so what's the damage?"</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The problem with this argument is a discrepancy between the legalistic interpretation of the constitution and the emotional interpretation of the constitution - a discrepancy between "the letter of the law" and "the spirit of the law". </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A constitution is aspirational - it outlines the basic principles and values to which a society aspires. These principles are universally recognized by a country's population as "the right thing to do".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In practice, though, the US cannot reasonably grant the rights in the 4th Amendment to people living in China, and Germany could not enforce the constitutionally guaranteed equality of all humans in apartheid-era South Africa. As a result, Constitutional rights end at borders. It is important to keep in mind, though, that this is <b>not</b> because we think that Chinese do not deserve protection from unreasonable search & seizure, or because we think that Freedom of Speech should not apply outside of our borders - but <b>only</b> because we are in no practical position to grant rights to someone living under the jurisdiction of another government. (There is the other matter that we'd violate international law, but if history is any guide, international law does not exist unless the strongest player wants to enforce it).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nobody extends their constitutions across their borders because it would mean intervening in other countries. But the principles in the constitution are good principles, and we should try to adhere to them wherever possible. We cannot force the Chinese government to allow Freedom of Speech in China, but that does not mean that it would be OK for us to further suppress Freedom of Speech there - just because China happens to be outside of our borders.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Secondly, there is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This is as close to an universal constitution as humanity has gotten, and it explicitly mentions in article 12:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.</blockquote>
The UDHR is a good document, and one that all important powers signed after the atrocities of the two world wars. The US was a driving force in drafting it and getting it ratified - why are we completely ignoring it now, arguing that any privacy protections do not apply to non-citizen outside of our territory?<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<h4>
"Corporations collect vastly more data, and they are not under democratic control."</h4>
</div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">There is an important bit of truth in this statement: Corporations are collecting ever-more data, and it is quite unclear whether existing legal frameworks are sufficient to protect privacy. In my personal opinion, all developed nations should pass legislation that enforces something similar to the OECD's "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive">seven principles for the protection of personal data</a>", and hold companies accountable for this. People need to understand what data is collected, for what purpose, and have wide-ranging ability to inspect, edit and delete the collected data. </span></h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the same time, the argument that insufficient legal oversight in one area justifies insufficient legal oversight in another area is clearly wrong. Both areas, corporate and government data collection, need to have their oversight fixed.<br />
<br /></div>
<h4>
"Sufficient controls are in place to prevent abuse of power"</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I'd be strongly inclined to believe this argument - but there are two important points that we should keep in mind. First off, checks and safety procedures are hardly ever perfect, and tend to erode in times of crisis. One could say that most democracies are two terror strikes and one opportunist away from a dictatorship, and safeguards are much more quickly eroded than they are rebuilt. Democratic societies need to stay in constant debate about where the limits of surveillance are supposed to lie.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I believe that today the controls in the US are sufficient to prevent the most egregious abuse of power. I do not have much faith, though, that they would survive one major terrorist strike combined with a wrongly ambitious president or vice president.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Legal safeguards in a democracy buy you time. If you elect a madman, dismantling the safeguards will take him some time. Hopefully, the safeguards take longer than 8 years to dismantle. Being a security-minded person, I'd like to have some margin of error on this.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The second point to consider is that of "creeping abuse". Post 9/11, exceptional powers were granted to the security apparatus to protect our societies from further terrorist strikes. These powers were explicitly granted for counter-terrorism. The natural inclination of the security apparatus is then to slowly and carefully widen the definition of terrorism. We can see this in action: Glenn Greenwald's partner, David Miranda was detained under legislation explicitly drafted for counter-terrorism - using rights only granted for fighting terrorists that are bent on mass killing, which Mr Miranda was clearly not about to do. We have also watched Mr Clapper publicly twisting the meaning of the word "collection" until it implied that a stamp collector doesn't collect stamps unless he looks at them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In short: I am uncomfortable with what I perceive is an insufficiently wide safety margin against abuse - and we have all seen an abuse of anti-terror legislation for an entirely unrelated cause, that of self-defense of the security organizations against embarrassment. We need much stronger safeguards, and much more transparency.<br />
<br /></div>
<h4>
"Spies spy, why are people surprised?"</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am not surprised, or even particularly worried, about state-to-state espionage. My opinion on this is that where matters are truly vital (nuclear proliferation, questions of war and peace etc.) intelligence collection should lead to better-informed leaders and hopefully peaceful outcomes. </div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My ethics dictate that strength should not be abused - e.g. I would consider it unethical by a strong developed nation to use espionage against a weak developing country to get a leg up in trade negotiations - but in general, nobody is surprised or outraged that the people in the White House want to know what the leaders in Tehran are thinking, and vice versa. </div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
People are surprised because governments everywhere have been hesitant to explain to their own population what exactly intelligence agencies do. Similar to internet companies that hide the true extent of data collection in a gigantic EULA that no user understands, governments everywhere "hide" what these agencies do in plain sight: Large quantities of dispersed legalese and vague formulations. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Democratic governments need to become better at explaining what these agencies are for and what the exact authorities and limitations of these agencies are. Voters can then decide if they are cool with that. The historical tendency to hide these organisations from public view is wrong, antidemocratic, and ultimately harmful to both the democracies and the mission of these organisations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<h4>
"Everybody does it and has always done it!"</h4>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">One could easily get into an argument about whether this statement is true or not - historically, many countries (including the US) only performed intercept and cryptanalysis during times of war. Then again, politicians tried to disband signals intelligence (SIGINT) organisations, these organisations had a tendency to be conserved elsewhere in the bureaucracy. So even if we accept that SIGINT collection in times of peace is an unchangeable fact of life, the nature of collection has changed significantly in recent decades.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Even during the height of the cold war, when the US had all its ears focused on Russia, the odds that some random Russian person had their communication intercepted and archived by the US were near-zero.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The technological explosion we're living in changed this: International communication has grown exponentially, and it is likely that the majority of the population of most industrialized nations have participated in communications that were intercepted (if not necessarily read by a human being).</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is a radical change. Technology has amplified everybody's ability to communicate, but also created a society where virtually everybody's data has been touched by one, if not more, security organisations - both domestic and foreign. The legal framework has simply been outpaced by technological progress, and the security agencies have been extremely happy to not draw attention to this.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This new reality needs to be addressed - not only in the countries that were hit by the recent revelations, but in all modern democracies (many of which have even weaker oversight over their intelligence agencies than the famous "5 eyes"). </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3>
Summary:</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Technology has changed the world, vastly expanding everybody's ability to communicate - but at the same time, also vastly expanding not only the potential for surveillance, but actual surveillance. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Intelligence collection should not be done "in bulk" - a regular person should have negligible odds of ever having their communication intercepted and archived.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Intelligence reform is needed - in all modern democracies - to ensure that people can have privacy, to combat the mistaken view that "all is fair if it's not on my territory", and to strengthen the safeguards against abuse.<br />
<br />
My next post will talk a bit more about what reforms should be enacted, and what may happen if we fail to act.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-28677150675669707442013-06-02T13:57:00.001-07:002013-06-02T22:33:13.622-07:00Analogies, Piracy, Attribution, and the law of unintended consequences<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I learnt a few interesting lessons this week...<br />
<br />
I was honored to invited as a keynote speaker at SOURCE Dublin 2013, which was held on the 23rd/24th of May. Given that I had nothing technical to speak about, and given that keynote talks are not supposed to be technical, I needed to come up with an entertaining topic related to IT security.<br />
<br />
A few weeks earlier, I had watched Dave Aitel give an interview on TV somewhere, and he had said a particular sentence that I found thought-inducing: He compared the hiring of computer security folks by the DoD to "building a new Navy" that will control the trade routes of the future, the internet.<br />
<br />
I found the thought interesting, and decided that I will see how far I can stretch this sentence. When thinking about the internet as the ocean, one is half a step away from the word "Pirates". And boy, everybody loves hearing about Pirates - the topic is rich in historical sources of dubious veracity and colorful lore. Clearly, I had found a great way to entertain the audience for 50 minutes.<br />
<br />
So I used this as an excuse to buy and read some books on the history of piracy, and managed to construct what I immodestly think is a great piece of <i>entertainment</i> - a talk that manages to engage the audience, draw parallels between the early Boucaniers and Hackers (it's always good to flatter the audience a bit), comment on how the Boucaniers turned into Privateers, and generally get people to dream a bit. (<a href="http://goo.gl/UNH2d">Slides</a>)<br />
<br />
While flattering the audience is good and well, I also wanted to get the audience to <i>question something they believe in</i>. With everybody arguing about the evils of government-tolerated industrial espionage, I wanted to tell the audience that one country's criminal is often another country's hero - so what better way to draw a parallel between today's attackers and 16th-century Britain, an upcoming power attempting to gain the upper hand against almighty Spain.<br />
<br />
All in all, I gave the talk (somewhat nervously), and I think I managed to engage and entertain the audience. I was quite happy with how it went, particularly because I was extremely nervous about having to give a presentation with no technical verifiable truth in it.<br />
<br />
I had expected the talk to be an entertaining diversion, with little real relevance. Now, some very surprising things happened after the talk:<br />
<br />
First, a number of people took the talk way too seriously, attempting to derive policy recommendations from my very tenuously constructed analogy. Analogies are great for examining a problem - given something unknown, there are few more interesting activities than to construct different analogies and then reason about where they fit and where they do not fit. Thus, they are great tools for understanding and examining - while being dangerously bad for prediction and policy advice.<br />
<br />
Secondly, a different set of people begun arguing that the analogies are flawed because at some lower level of abstraction they break down ("I can't use the internet to turn sewage into shrimp, hence the internet can't be like an ocean"). I had difficulty understanding the effort and emotion people put into finding places where the analogy breaks down - given that I had meant it as entertaining, they seemed to me like the guy in a superhero movie that complains that some action scene was unrealistic.<br />
<br />
Then something else happened that caught me completely off-guard: Pretty exactly one week after my presentation went online, the NYT published an op-ed contributed by JC Hirsch and Sam Adelsberg titled "<a href="http://goo.gl/o7rvm">An Elizabethan Cyberwar</a>" - which was clearly strongly inspired by my keynote, down to individual details of my constructed analogies. The article takes the Britain/Spain analogy, mentions the deniability afforded to the British Crown by the privateering constructs that I had highlighted, and then proceeds to provide policy advice based on this.<br />
<br />
I was stunned - first off, that something I had constructed for entertainment would end up inspiring an NYT op-ed a week later and secondly, that people are really trying to construct advice from it.<br />
<br />
To clarify: I used Dave's analogy of "the internet as sea" and constructed the analogy to the Spanish Main as a form of entertainment, something to discuss over a glass of wine - not as something that should be used to draw any real-life lessons about the internet, or about cyberwarfare.<br />
<br />
So what real-life lessons did I learn through this ? A good analogy is like a good joke: It is impossible to contain, travels fast, and can have surprising unintended consequences. Also, everybody is so desperate to understand "the internet" that the path from "small conference talk in Dublin" to "heavily influencing a NYT op-ed" is short. This highlights how little we understand technology's impact, and how much even tenuously constructed analogies fill an emotional need. Finally, as for good jokes and cyber attacks, attribution for good analogies seems hard - selfishly, I would have really liked a footnote to the op-ed.<br />
<br />
<b>Update: It seems analogies are like 0days - often discovered by multiple parties in parallel, confusing anyone who wants to do attribution :-). It seems the authors of the NYT op-ed had developed these ideas independently prior to my talk, and just delayed the publication of the article due to current events. They were not influenced in any way by my keynote. :-)</b><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-47905141350646016122013-03-31T18:33:00.000-07:002013-03-31T18:33:25.302-07:00Congratulations Marion !I am happy to announce that we have a winner for the <a href="http://addxorrol.blogspot.kr/2013/01/encouraging-female-reverse-engineers.html">reverse engineering challenge</a>: Among the submitters, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5hBKwgSgYFaVmxTaFk3OXl4cjg/edit?usp=sharing">Marion Marschalek's report</a> stood out - both in terms of technical depth, but also in regards to the structure and readability of the report. Remarkably, this is Marion's first reverse engineering project. :-)<br />
<br />
At the same time, I would like to say "Thank you" to everyone who submitted - I will make time in the next few weeks to send emails with more detailed feedback for each submission. It was great to see that this contest encouraged a number of first-time analysts to tackle a relatively thorny piece of malware.<br />
<br />halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-13815758510696372112013-01-20T05:47:00.001-08:002013-01-20T05:47:39.248-08:00Encouraging female reverse engineers<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">As a field, reverse engineering has undergone a rapid change in recent years:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">a rise in importance and visibility has led to a rapidly growing community of</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">reverse engineers. More people are doing reverse engineering, better tools are </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">developed, and it has mutated from a "dark art" to an almost-mainstream </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">endeavor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">However, as the community grows, the most visible parts remain unchanged. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">While there are female reverse engineers in the field, they are still under-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">represented in absolute numbers and visibility of their work in conference </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">attendance and presentations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">What can we, as a growing field, do to change this? Progress can be made on the</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">macro level by many small and decentralized contributions on the micro level. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">So, when I heard about the Syscan speaker's honorarium this year, I decided to </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">put it to good use.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">I asked a few friends if they'd be willing to form a panel of judges for a </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">women-only reverse engineering challenge, with the first (and only) prize being</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">a ticket to fly to and attend Syscan Singapore 2013. Luckily for me, they </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">agreed :-)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">So, the details:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">1) The panel of judges posts a particularly interesting piece of malicious </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> software. The executable file in question is found at the end of this mail </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (base64 encoded .zip with password 'infected'). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">2) The challenge itself is to reverse engineer the software - create a report</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> which ... </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> - documents the features and capabilities of the malware</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> - discusses the obfuscation and anti-reverse engineering measures employed</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> - makes all these things accessible to a layperson with a computer security</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> or computer science background</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Reports will be judged on technical merit and how well the submitter explains</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">the technical details. Understanding is one part of the reverse engineering </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">process documenting and communicating the result is an equally important part.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">3) Only women are eligible to submit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">4) The author of the best submission receives an economy-class round-trip</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> flight ticket to attend Syscan 2013 in Singapore. Also, the authors </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> entrance fee is covered.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">The panel of judges consists of:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> Carrie M. Jung</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> Ralf-Phillip Weinmann</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> Tim Kornau</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> Thomas Dullien (me)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> Skylar Rampersaud</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> Shyama Rose</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Submissions should be sent to thomas.dullien+REChallenge2013@googlemail.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Deadline for submission is the 24th of March 2013, 23:59 GMT+1. Winners will</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">be announced on the 31st of March 2013. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Unless the author explicitly objects, the winning report will be published.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Furthermore, while this is not required, a lightning talk at Syscan about the</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">solution would be appreciated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Good luck ! Syscan is a great conference, and Singapore is definitely worth a </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">visit, so don't hesitate ! :-)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Begin challenge.zip (password is 'infected')</span><br />
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halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-32683857166915756782012-07-06T08:01:00.000-07:002012-07-06T08:01:13.846-07:00The Euro Crisis and Germany - or "The tale of the shoemaker, the baker, and his wife"It was more than 2 years ago that Europe started struggling with the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis"> Europan Sovereign-Debt crisis</a>, and still there is no end in sight. The crisis has created significant economic hardship for most of the debtor countries, but worse, it has poisoned the European political discourse and led to a re-emergence of petty nationalistic arguments that I had hoped we had gotten over.<div>
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In order to make sense of the complexity of the situation, I came up with a small cautionary tale to illustrate the causes for the credit crisis in a simple-to-grasp manner:</div>
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Picture a fairy-tale medieval town - small alleys, craftsmen, horse carriages etc. In our medieval town, we will focus on three people: The Shoemaker, the Baker, and the Baker's Wife. For as long as anyone can remember, the Shoemaker bought bread from the Baker, and the Baker bought shoes from the Shoemaker - both for himself, but also for his Wife, who is very fond of beautiful shoes. </div>
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At some point, though, the Baker had an idea: Since he spends literally all his time in his bakery, and rarely leaves the house, he decided that he doesn't actually need new shoes all that often. He thought about it, and decided that he could save a fair amount of money if he just used his old shoes, even though they were long past their prime. In addition to this, he had a long (and somewhat unpleasant) discussion with his wife, finally convincing her that she, too, should forego new shoes in order to save money. The wife was not happy about the entire argument, but eventually agreed when the Baker explained how rich they could end up being if they saved more.</div>
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When the Baker quit buying shoes, the Shoemaker could no longer make a living. He began dipping into his savings, but eventually, he had transferred all his savings to the Baker, and was essentially broke. So he walked over to his longtime friend, the Baker, and asked him for a loan. The Baker, having accumulated a fair bit of cash, and not knowing what else to do with the money, decided to lend the Shoemaker some money. In the Bakers' account statements, the debt owed to him by the Shoemaker was marked as an asset, so even though he gave the Shoemaker money, the Baker still got richer.</div>
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This cycle continued for years. Every year, the Baker's wife would ask whether they could use some of the money to buy some pretty shoes, and every year, the Baker convinced his wife that it is more prudent to not do so - and in order to impress her and show her the validity of his argument, he showed her the accounts, clearly showing that they were getting richer all the time. </div>
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And so the Baker kept on lending the Shoemaker money, and the Shoemaker kept on buying bread - and the Baker's wife continued to make the sacrifice of not buying shoes.</div>
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Eventually, the Baker and Shoemaker realized that there was no way the Shoemaker could ever pay back his debt. This, though, implied that the Baker hadn't actually gotten richer - all his money, accumulated by his and his wife's sacrifices, was gone. </div>
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The Baker lives in crippling fear that his wife will realize that the savings are gone. In order to deflect the fact that he is as much to blame for the situation as the Shoemaker, he vilifies the Shoemaker: The Shoemaker is lazy, doesn't work, doesn't know how to handle money. The Shoemaker, at the same time, vilifies the Baker, claiming that the Baker is trying to force the Shoemaker into poverty, and simply hates everybody that is not part of the family.</div>
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In this tale, there is really nobody that doesn't need to accept some of the blame, and adversarial relations between the parties won't help anyone.</div>
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<br /></div>halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14114712.post-30589663291164826452011-09-09T02:37:00.000-07:002011-09-09T02:56:40.971-07:00Short note on static analysis and lobbyingAfter getting annoyed with Twitters 140-char limit to make a sane point, I switch back to an old-school medium that allows actual arguments ;)<div><br /></div><div>I was commenting on the dishonesty in lobbying for legally mandated static analysis with "cyber security" as an underlying argument.</div><div><br /></div><div>I think this is a total bullshit argument.</div><div><br /></div><div>Static analysis is good at removing a large number of low-hanging fruit when it comes to both reliability and security bugs. But: Static analysis alone fails to significantly increase the resilience of real-world systems against determined attacks (although it may increase the resilience to really casual attacks).</div><div><br /></div><div>So I think it is good & sane to mandate static analysis for some pieces of code for reliability reasons. I'd rather fly in an airplane with formally verified avionics code. </div><div><br /></div><div>The reality is though that even the most sophisticated static analysis systems nowadays are not terribly good at dealing with dynamically allocated memory, suffer from grotesque overapproximation as a result of summarizing dynamically allocated memory, and in general don't deal with many common programming patterns very well. </div><div><br /></div><div>Avionics code without dynamic memory allocation and a team of people getting a static analyzer going profits a lot from static analysis. The browser that I am typing this in profits much less: It uses a gazillion programming idioms that are notoriously hard to analyze. No existing and generally available static analysis will significantly impact the difficulty of finding a remotely exploitable bug in this browser. </div><div><br /></div><div>So, in short: Using SA can have great benefits in particular scenarios. Verifying an avionics system is a great example. Verifying a microkernel that allows me to safely sandbox my terribly buggy browser is another example. Mandating SA for general software development is insanity, though: The current state of research (let's not even speak about available products) isn't capable of impacting the resiliency (against determined attack) of a browser or document viewer significantly. Let's not kid ourselves: The technology just isn't there, and won't be for another few years. </div><div><br /></div>halvar.flakehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12486016980670992738noreply@blogger.com3